Religious Life of Planet Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Religious Life of Planet Earth - Essay Example Finally, in traditional ceremonies, people from Ghana in Africa were noted to consult with traditional priests who act as the link between people and their gods (Brahm, 2005). This indicates the existence of some religion that makes people believe that these priests represented them before a higher power. The place of religion among the societies in the Earth would be said to be complex, fitting into social organisation as a whole and dominantly functioning in each of its part. Religion plays a critical role in fulfilling psychological needs. It helps human beings confront death and explain it. It relieves them of anxieties and fears of the unknown. During life’s crises such during serious illness, humans would turn to religion to ease their stress. It guides humans in making life’s decision, making them know what to do and at what time, thus providing the much needed psychological relief. Religion also serves to fulfil the social needs of human beings. It reinforces gr oup norms hence bringing about social homogeneity. This uniformity of belief plays a critical role in reinforcing group identity and binding people together. Hamilton (2010) further notes that religion sacralises norms and by promoting group goals, it makes social order legitimate. It plays a major role in giving identity. Finally, the social control function of religion has been appreciated, defining what would be considered as wrong or right. Rightful actions earn approval from gods while wrongful actions could cause supernatural retribution. For example, Quran, the sacred text of Islam provides a list of crimes which if committed would lead to punishment and describes mundane tasks such the specific foods to eat. Nonetheless, there have been other... The place of religion among the societies in the Earth would be said to be complex, fitting into the social organization as a whole and dominantly functioning in each of its parts. Religion plays a critical role in fulfilling psychological needs. It helps human beings confront death and explain it. It relieves them of anxieties and fears of the unknown. During life’s crises such during serious illness, humans would turn to religion to ease their stress. It guides humans in making life’s decision, making them know what to do and at what time, thus providing the much needed psychological relief. Religion also serves to fulfill the social needs of human beings. It reinforces group norms hence bringing about social homogeneity. This uniformity of belief plays a critical role in reinforcing group identity and binding people together. Hamilton (2010) further notes that religion sacralizes norms and by promoting group goals, it makes social order legitimate. It plays a major r ole in giving identity. Finally, the social control function of religion has been appreciated, defining what would be considered as wrong or right. Rightful actions earn approval from gods while wrongful actions could cause supernatural retribution. For example, Quran, the sacred text of Islam provides a list of crimes which if committed would lead to punishment and describes mundane tasks such the specific foods to eat.Nonetheless, there have been other interpretations of religion that goes against the functionalist approach.

Of Mice and Men Essay Essay Example for Free

Of Mice and Men Essay Essay â€Å"The language of friendship is not in words, but in meanings† – Henry David Thoreau While reading the novel, Of Mice and Men, the reader gets a front row view into the relationship of the two main characters, Lennie and George. In every friendship, there are dysfunctional moments, ups and downs, genuine moments and never ending adventures. By definition, a friend is someone to talk to, do things with, be there for each other in time of need and be each other’s crying shoulder. Throughout this novel, Lennie and George display a friendship unlike any other. It is so dysfunctional and rare it makes the reader wonder why these two are friends. For example, the boss says â€Å"Well, I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy.† â€Å"I just like to know your interest.† In this quote found on page 25, the boss is trying to make sense of their friendship. Even though this quote highlights the rarity of George and Lennie’s bond, this causes the boss to suspect wrong- doing on George’s part. At the end of the novel, George ends up shooting Lennie. This perfectly displays the dysfunctional and rare qualities in their friendship. There are many ups and downs in Lennie and George’s friendship in addition to it being dysfunctional and rare. Lennie is mentally ill. There is absolutely no rhyme or reason behind his actions. For instance, without Lennie, George could â€Å"Go get a job an’ work an’ no trouble. No mess at all and at the end of the month I could take my fifty bucks into town and get whatever I want.† This shows Lennie and George’s Relationship being down. Even though Lennie is a huge burden, George ultimately chooses to not be without him. Even though it seems like George is being held down by Lennie, George stays with Lennie because they both want the migrant dream. â€Å"Someday – we’re gonna get the Jack together, have a little house and a couple of acres an’ a cow and some pigs and we’ll have a big vegetable patch.† Thus, these two cannot live without each other. Lennie and George have a genuine relationship too. George takes really good care of Lennie, almost like in a maternal way. George says, â€Å"Lennie, for God’ sakes don’t drink so much, you gonna be sick like you was last night.† This shows he cares about Lennie. In the beginning, Lennie assaults a lady by tearing the front side of her dress  off in their old town Weeds. George could’ve easily left Lennie to fend for himself but he realized that wasn’t the right thing to do. Lennie hears his dead aunt Clara telling him â€Å"When he got a piece of pie you always got half or more’n half.† â€Å"An’ if there was any ketchup, why he’d give it all to you.† As the novel progresses, Lennie’s past catches up with him and the authorities start looking for him. George knows that if it is caught, the officers would throw him in jail and he wouldn’t survive. So George shoots Lennie to basically put him out of his misery. Clearly, they have a genuine friendship. With every friendship, there are many adventures along the way. The novel starts off in a scenic woodsy area by a lake. Lennie and George run away together from their home town of Weed to run from the authorities and start a new life as migrant workers. When they’ve finally reached the barn, they meet new people and build relationships with them. The boss, Curley, Curley’s wife, Slim, Crooks, and Carlson. Lennie is always getting into trouble and George is always looking to get him out of it. Lennie kills a mouse, strangles Curley’s wife and also kills the dog. Although this book had many twist and turns, it was a heart- warming thriller that illustrated what life was like back in the 1930s. it surely wasn’t easy but having a dream meant a lot to the characters and made them strive to live their dream.

Touching Wedding Speech by the Bride -- Wedding Toasts Roasts Speeches

Touching Wedding Speech by the Bride It is not traditional for the bride to speak but I thought it only right that I start married life as I mean to go on - by having the last word. I would like to take this chance to thank everyone for taking the time to share this magical day with us. Today wouldn’t have been as special as it is without you - our family and friends. I hope everyone is enjoying themselves and that the open bar kept you entertained while we were having our photos taken. Please remember to take lots of photos and sign the guest book – please include any advice you have on married life! I would like to thank Mary and Rose for doing the readings. We have a small gift here for you. A big thank you goes to my bridesmaids, Nicola and Caroline who were both a great help in preparing for the big event and in keeping me calm throughout the day. I have a little something here for you. Jane and Terry have welcomed me into the family and even put up with me staying with them after I lost my roomate. Thank you for raising Charlie so well for me. I understand that the warranty is out of date now and the refund deadline has long since passed. I might keep him for a while though as he has so many qualities - charm, brains and beauty are sadly the only ones missing I would like to thank my mom (mum) and dad for all their love, support and guidance throughout my life. I would not be where I am t... ...rue. I love you Charles for all that you have made of yourself in this life, and for what I know we will make together in our lives from this day on. I am so proud to be your wife. The most beautiful wedding gift I'll have today is knowing in my heart I have your love forever........... I would like to take time now to remember those who are unable to be with us today. Many of our family were unable to travel to Chicago (Edinburgh). Others will be looking down on our wedding day- we especially remember my granmother (gran) McFarlane and grandfather (grandpa) Cook and Charlie’s grandpa whose birthday would have been today. I would therefore like to propose a toast.†¦. (raise glass) to absent friends†¦..

One Hundred Years of Solitude: Linear and Circular Time :: One Hundred Years of Solitude

One Hundred Years of Solitude: Linear and Circular Time Cien Anos de Soledad Style in Gabriel Garcia Marquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude is closely linked to myth. Marquez chooses magic realism over the literal, thereby placing the novel's emphasis on the surreal. To complement this style, time in One Hundred Years of Solitude is also mythical, simultaneously incorporating circular and linear structure (McMurray 76). Most novels are structured linearly. Events occur chronologically, and one can map the novel's exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and denouement. One Hundred Years of Solitude is also linear in its broad outlines (Bell-Villida 98). The plot of the novel is simple: Jose Arcadio Buendia marries his cousin Ursula, they found Macondo, the family grows, declines, and is eventually blown off the face of the earth by a hurricane. There is a beginning, and time moves the story to a total, apocalyptic conclusion (117). Within this linear background, the structure of One Hundred Years of Solitude is circular (McMurray 77). Events throughout the entire novel repeat themselves in cycles. The names Aureliano and Jose Arcadio are repeated in each generation, resulting in a total of five Jose Arcadios and 22 Aurelianos. The men's personalities also seem to be repeated; the Jose Arcadios are "impulsive and enterprising," and the Aurelianos are "lucid and withdrawn" (77). The cyclical rhythm is reinforced by six instances of incest that occur over five of the family's six generations. One of the most striking instances of cyclical structure is found in the novel's opening line: "Many years later, as he faced the firing squad, Colonel Aureliano Buendia was to remember that distant afternoon when his father took him to discover ice" (Garcia Marquez 1). Two generations later, chapter eleven opens the same way: "Years later on his death bed, Aureliano Segundo would remember the rainy afternoon in June when he went into the bedroom to meet his first son" (186). These two sentences are grammatically parallel . They open with an adverbial phrase ("Years later"), followed by the subject and then the predicate in exactly the same verb tense. The sentences begin with an event in the distant future and conclude with an allusion to a future event that, in both cases, occurs within the same chapter. As critic Barroa notes, "the words 'many years later' appear so often they become the heartbeat of the novel" (104).

Philippines Online Gaming Industry Outlook Essay

Internet Netopia provides high speed (3-10mpbs) Internet access to achieve customers’ satisfaction and make them feel the uniqueness of the store as compared to other internet cafes. At this speed, downloading large images (pictures), playing music (wave files, mp3s) online and viewing videos (GIF files, flash, video clips) is a breeze. Online and Network Gaming Netopia carries popular Online Games which can be played either solo or via LAN with friends. With this high speed Internet connection, playing online will surely be fun to all the gamers. DIGITAL PRINTING Laser Color or Black and White Printing Netopia branches also have complete desktop publishing facilities and qualified technicians that can assist you in all your office and school requirments. You can print resumà ©, reports or research work from the Internet in either color or black and white. Photo Quality Printing High quality of photo printing is also available wherein pictures taken directly from your Digital Cameras or Cellular Phones can be printed in any quantity at affordable prices. Photo sizes available are as follow; 4R,A4,3R,1Ãâ€"1 ID ,2Ãâ€"2 for passport Angat Ka! Aside from printing and computer usage, Netopia also serves as a supplemental school that offer hundreds of online courses. With the help of the different content providers like Microsoft, CAL, Gapuz and Reviewcard, Netopia was able to promote and offer alternative online modules to those who would like to pursue their courses in Nursing, IT and even College Entrance Exams. Netopia Click Club Join the coolest membership club in the industry, the Netopia Click Club! Enjoy Member rates at Netopia and special discounts and privileges from various Click Club merchants. Visit your nearest Netopia to apply. Membership fee is reasonably priced at P250 inclusive of free eight (8) hours of computer use. Advertising As Netopia continue to strengthen its presence in the business and with the current technologies it possess, Netopia is now into invading the business of Online Advertising. We are now being aggressive in offering our Online Advertising spaces to different advertisers, with the seventy-six (76) branches nationwide and a total of 3,000 computer terminals all ads can be viewed by 500,000 to 1 million customers of different age monthly. Function Room Most of our branches has their own Function Rooms that is equipped with 10-12 workstations. The function room is ideal for any coporate activities such as job caravan, training, recruitment, online interview, testing, gaming tournament, product launch and mini press conference. For booking inquires and reservations, you may email the Corporate Sales Group at corpsales@netopia.ph or call 465-1100 local 2200 IP E-Games Signs Agreement with ePLDT for Digital Paradise Manila, Philippines; 13 December 2010 — IP E-Game Ventures, Inc. (IP E-Games; PSE: EG), the publicly listed online gaming subsidiary of listed technology conglomerate IPVG Corp. (PSE:IP), has signed a share purchase agreement with ePLDT to purchase the latter’s 75% stake in Digital Paradise Inc. (Digital Paradise). Digital Paradise operates the Netopia brand of Internet Cafes. The Internet Cafà © chain currently has a network of 105 cafes nationwide, 71 of which are company owned and 34 of which are franchise Under the agreement, E Games will purchase 97.6 million shares of Digital Paradise representing 75% of the company. Finalization of the purchase is subject to a 45 day due diligence period. E Games is one of the leading online game publishers in the country, offering a portfolio of online games consisting of Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games or MMORPGs, and casual online games. E Games pioneered the free to play business model, wherein gamers are not required to pay a subscription fee to play online games. Gamers are given the option of purchasing â€Å"in game items† to enhance their gaming experience. The company sells virtual currency (e Points) that is used to purchase these in-game items. E Games publishes top MMORPGs such as Ran Online, Cabal Online, and recently launched, Dragonica. E Games also has a strategic partnership with GMA7 to publish its casual online games such as Bandmaster, Superstar, and Operation7. Netopia is the largest chain of Internet Cafes in the Philippines consisting of 71 company-owned and 34 franchised branches. Netopia serves over 1.5 million customers monthly, 80% of which are from ages 16 to 35, and uses high-speed Internet provided by PLDT. With Netopia’s broad network coverage, Netopia has attracted many large corporate customers for its training, recruitment and advertising needs. At the retail side, Netopia has become a popular destination, for both men and women for Internet surfing, Gaming, Digital Printing and Electronic Load needs. CEO of E Games, Enrique Y. Gonzalez, says, â€Å"The Internet Cafà © business is a strategic sector of our company, and with the signing of this agreement, we are one step closer to establishing a strong presence in that sector. Netopia is a leading chain in the Internet Cafà © industry and we plan on providing additional investment for expansion.† The purchase of Digital Paradise will give E Games access to a large network of Internet cafes where it can launch, market, and promote its games. One of E Games’ objectives is to increase utilization at Netopia by channeling more of its 12 million users to Netopia cafes. E Games also believes that it can increase ad spending at the cafes by providing advertising customers with an additional advertising medium. Advertising customers will be able to advertise on-line, in-game, and now through Netopia’s over 4,000 work stations. E Games recognizes the potential synergies in the transaction and is truly excited about the growth prospects of Digital Paradise. IP E-Game Ventures Inc. (IP e-Games) is a publicly listed company in the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE: EG) which operates the online gaming business of technology conglomerate IPVG Corp. (PSE: IP). IP e-Games is ranked as the leading online games publisher in the Philippines and holds top MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game) titles such as RAN Online, CABAL Online, and Presidential Award recipient Korean game, Granado Espada. Other games include high-fantasy MMORPG Runes of Magic, and Korean adventure games such as Dragonica and Nostale Online. The casual games of IP E-Games are published under X-Play Online Games Inc. (X-Play), a joint venture company between IP E-Games and GMA New Media Inc. (GMA NMI), the digital arm of GMA Network Inc. (PSE: GMA7). X-Play publishes the no.1 online dance game Audition Dance Battle, MMO First person shooter OP7, online rhythm game Bandmaster, and online videoke game Superstar Online. IP E-Games strategic minority investors include the Philippine Star Group and E-Store Exchange (an affiliate of GMA7). For more information, visit www.e-games.com.ph.

Benefits of Animal Experimentation essays

Benefits of Animal Experimentation essays Are we to let concern for the rights of pests cost human lives? The answer is a simple one-no. Animal research, although often the subject of debate is a positive thing. Without it, where would the world be? Tests certainly cannot be done on humans, for what human will risk his or her life if there is a more convenient and sensible option. Yes the animals endure pain and, at times, lose their lives but new advances are being made in that field as well. Studies are always being done to ensure the maximum safety and comfort for these subjects. Animal Testing-Good for Mankind or Violation of Rights? Animal testing-is it inapplicable? Many researchers shout yes; results received from small animals and rodents do not apply to humans. If this is so, then why have so many advances been made since the dawning of animal testing? Dozens of vaccines have been found not to mention antibiotics. Indeed, we cannot think of an area of medical research that does not owe many of its most important advances to animal experiments (Rowan, p.21). The main argument of animal research opponents is that animal tests are inapplicable. Animals and humans biologically differ from each other. So results from animal experiments cant be applied directly to humans (Chang, p.2). Other arguments include: Humane alternatives to much of animal research, such as tissue samples and computer models, already exist. Animals have rights. When engaging in animal research, they violate the rights of an animal to be free of unnatural diseases, injuries, or mental and behavioral problems (Chang, p.2). If cures are to be found, animal testing is necessary. In addition to discovering microorganisms, animal experimentation has led to significant medical findings related ...

Create a 30, 60, or 90-day plan for your job search.

Create a 30, 60, or 90-day plan for your job search. The average job search can take anywhere from six weeks to six months, depending on factors like your industry, your experience, and the economy. That’s a lot of ambiguity- and if you’re feeling a time crunch, it’s not a very helpful statistic. If you’re seeking to put the job hunt timeline on your own terms, there are things you can do to maximize the time you do have. Let’s look at three different job search plans to make the most of your valuable time. The 90-Day PlanLet’s say you’ve given yourself three months to find a new job. It can a pretty spacious timeline, allowing you to take your time on all of the necessary elements. You can use some of that time at the start to figure out what you want to do.Ask yourself:Are you looking for the same kind of job you had/have now?Are you thinking about a career change?What would you like to do next?A less urgent timeline helps here, and gives you the opportunity to really consider what you r next steps are.Your SearchWith 90 days, you have the time to do a deeper dive. Translation: you’re not just blitzing every related job opening you can find with your resume. You have time to research potential target companies and adapt your application materials (resume, cover letter) accordingly. Now is also the time to start really looking at your network to see if there are the kinds of targeted job opportunities you can pursue over the next 90 days.Your SkillsWith 90 days, you don’t have all the time in the world to learn how to do something from scratch, but you do have time to boost skills, or take a refresher. The average online course is eight to nine weeks, so this gives you time to work on some next-level skills- especially if the class is self-paced.Your ResumeTake the time to overhaul your resume. Seriously, do it. You’ve got a few months in your plan, and if you really want to get the most out of it (and maximize your interview-stage potential), your resume has to be spot-on. Start from scratch- no shortcuts!Your NetworkIt’s about quality, not quantity. If you haven’t already, start reaching out to targeted people who may be just outside of your network, friends of friends, or someone you met once and added to LinkedIn, but who now just happens to work at the company where you want an â€Å"in.† Because so much hiring is done based on who you know and not always what you apply for, as much time as possible in your 90-day plan should be devoted to bolstering your network. Hiring expert Lou Adler recommends spending 60% of your time networking if you want to score a new job within 90 days.Your Interview PrepBuild in a little interview preparation every day. This could just be five minutes as you’re getting ready in the morning, or a few quiet moments before you hit your pillow at night. Things to work on in the meantime, so that they come naturally when the time comes:Your handshake. Grip is key he re (think confident, but not arm wrestler), so it can take practice to get the right combination of strength and moderation.Your body language. Things like eye contact and posture can be your best assets in making a good initial interview impression.Your outfit. You have time to think about what your go-to interview outfit(s) will be, and then make sure they’re cleaned, pressed, and ready to go as soon as you get that â€Å"hey, come meet us and talk about the job† email.Your talking points. Take your resume and come up with real-life examples for each bullet point. Practice talking about them, ideally with a trusted friend or family member, so that you get comfortable talking about yourself and your achievements.By putting extra effort into the pre-work and crafting a strong base for your job hunt (serious consideration of job openings and companies, a rebuilt resume, time spent building skills and personal habits that will benefit you in the future), you’re ma king the most of those 90 days.The 60-Day PlanIf you have about two months before you’d like to see yourself settled in a new gig, you’ve still got buffer time to do some quality building when it comes to your application package.Your SearchLike with the 90-day plan, you have time to focus on particular areas or companies and do your research. But because 60 days will pass quickly, it’s time to increase the intensity. Your job search should be highly focused, with you looking for the best-fitting opportunities that align with your goals. If you’re unsure about what you want to do next or what job openings you want to go for, take the time to reflect on your goals for this job search (beyond â€Å"get a job†) and your immediate professional goals. It takes some time up front, but will save you time later on in the 60 days.Your SkillsSixty days can be enough time to brush up on skills on your resume that could be stronger, or to revisit old skills th at you want to feature for a particular job. Self-paced online courses can help you get the crash course you need, or even just a self-study program where you’re intensively researching things online, reading up on new trends, etc. And let’s face it- there’s a YouTube video for everything these days, so there’s no shame in using those for your skill-building! The most important thing here is, again, focus. It’s not really enough time to say, â€Å"hmm, maybe I really should start to learn HTML.† It’s more like, â€Å"Okay, I have these basic HTML skills. What do I need to bump them up on my resume?†Your ResumeWith 60 days on the table, it’s still worth it to rebuild your resume from the ground up- it doesn’t have to be a long undertaking, just a focused one. You’ll also want to take the time to take another editing pass and optimize your resume, which can help you get more out of applications.Your NetworkCu ltivating people in your network by having email conversations or even having a coffee IRL is great, but there’s no replacement for human contact. However, with 60 days to meet your goal of getting a new job, there might not be that luxury. That’s why networking tools become so handy in this two-month window. LinkedIn is a good starting point to start focusing your networking efforts. Are there people who work at your target companies? An old friend who you know happens to be married to someone in your field who might be hiring? It’s time to harness the power of what you’ve already got.That’s not to say you should neglect starting new relationships, but on your more aggressive timeline it’s most important to maximize what you have.Your Interview PrepLike the 90-Day plan, you have some time to prep. Practice your body language skills especially, and rehearse your talking points. And the earlier in the two-month window you have that interview suit dry cleaned and ready to rock, the better.The 30-Day PlanIf your plan is a 30-day one for whatever reason (like economic urgency, or you need out now of a terrible gig), then that’s a daunting goal, but a do-able one. There just isn’t much wiggle room or time for blowing things off. If you’re serious about getting a new job in a month, then that means your focus has to be on the job hunt.Your SearchIt’s time to come up with a hardcore job hunt time budget. With such an aggressively short window of time, you really don’t have the luxury of saying, â€Å"Oh, maybe I’ll do that this week.† Instead, write down your list of job search goals for the week and attach specific days/times to them. For example:Monday: Check saved job searches, research job openings at ABC Company.Tuesday: Call Karen about potential referral for ABC Company.Wednesday: Follow up with HR at XYZ Company about application.Whatever time you have available, figure out how you can set a time budget and stick to it. The closer you stick to that plan, the less likely you’ll be to fall off schedule, and discover that 20 days have gone by before you hit your early checklist goals. Figure out where you can devote chunks of time (ideally each day) to check things off on your list.Your SkillsAt this point, you need to go with the skills you have, or ones that you can learn very quickly by researching online or playing with programs (like finally learning how to do a vlookup, or revisiting how to use Adobe Photoshop). Focus on the core skills you want to feature most prominently on your resume and in interviews.Your ResumeIt’s definitely crunch time, which means you don’t really have a week to write, edit, and seek feedback on your resume. So let’s truncate that a bit. Start with some of the great tools that are already available, like resume templates you can use as a starting point.But- and I can’t emphasize this enough- never skip the proofreading step. If you have zero time, give it the most thorough check you can. And if it’s at all possible, have someone else read it. They may notice mistakes that passed right under your hurrying eyes. Simple mistakes can put your resume in the â€Å"no thanks† pile quickly, so even with a short schedule, you need to take the time for those extra steps.Your NetworkWhoever you have on your side now, that’s the squad you’re taking into battle. Focus on the people you already know who can help you with your job search. Use LinkedIn, Facebook, or any professional contacts you have, and don’t be shy about letting people that you’re on the lookout for a new job. Though that comes with a caveat: if your search is on the DL because you don’t want your current boss to find out, you’ll still want to be a little discreet. No blaring Facebook posts saying, â€Å"I’m looking for a job!†Your Intervi ew PrepAs with other aspects of your job search, your interview prep should be laser-focused on the resources you have. Identify your most interview-ready outfit, and get it ready to go: dry clean, fix any messy bits (like loose threads or saggy hems), and dust off your lucky interview shoes. Your schedule is so aggressive that you need to be ready to go almost immediately for interviews- if you get an interview tomorrow, you may not have time to rush around getting ready.It’s also important to know your resume points backwards and forwards, so you can speak to any aspect of it on short notice.However much time you’ve assigned to your job search plan, the most important thing is to maximize whatever time you do have. Coming up with a goal-oriented plan is a great start, and will help you make the most of the coming weeks. Good luck!

Basic Facts About the Vietnam War

Basic Facts About the Vietnam War The Vietnam War occurred in present-day Vietnam, Southeast Asia. It represented a successful attempt on the part of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam, DRV) and the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam (Viet Cong) to unite and impose a communist system over the entire nation. Opposing the DRV was the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam, RVN), backed by the United States. The war in Vietnam occurred during the Cold War and is generally viewed as an indirect conflict between the United States and Soviet Union  with each nation and its allies supporting one side. Vietnam War Dates The most commonly used dates for the conflict are 1959-1975. This period begins with North Vietnams first guerilla attacks against the South and ends with the fall of Saigon. American ground forces were directly involved in the war between 1965 and 1973. Vietnam War Causes The Vietnam War first began in 1959, five years after the division of the country by the Geneva Accords. Vietnam had been divided into two, with a communist regime in the north under Ho Chi Minh and a democratic government in the south under Ngo Dinh Diem. In 1959, Ho commenced a guerilla campaign in South Vietnam, led by Viet Cong units, with the goal of reuniting the country under a communist government. These guerilla units often found support among the rural population who desired land reform.   Worried about the situation, the Kennedy Administration elected to increase aid to South Vietnam. As part of the larger goal of containing the spread of communism, the United States endeavored to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and supplied military advisors to aid in combating the guerrillas. Though the flow of aid increased, President John F. Kennedy did not wish to use ground forces in Vietnam as he believed their presence would cause adverse political consequences.   Americanization of the Vietnam War In August 1964, a US warship was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats in the Gulf of Tonkin. Following this attack, Congress passed the Southeast Asia Resolution which allowed President Lyndon Johnson to conduct military operations in the region without a declaration of war. On March 2, 1965, US aircraft commenced bombing targets in Vietnam and the first troops arrived. Moving forward under Operations Rolling Thunder and Arc Light, American aircraft began systematic bombing strikes on North Vietnamese industrial sites, infrastructure, and air defenses. On the ground, US troops, commanded by General William Westmoreland, defeated Viet Cong and North Vietnamese forces around Chu Lai and in the Ia Drang Valley that year.   The Tet Offensive Following these defeats, the North Vietnamese elected to avoid fighting conventional battles and focused on engaging US troops in small unit actions in the sweltering jungles of South Vietnam. As fighting continued, leaders Hanoi contentiously debated how to move forward as American air strikes were beginning to severely damage their economy. Deciding to resume more conventional operations, planning began for a large-scale operation. In January 1968, the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong commenced the massive Tet Offensive. Opening with an assault on US Marines at Khe Sanh, the offensive featured attacks by the Viet Cong on cities throughout South Vietnam. Combat exploded throughout the country and saw ARVN forces hold their ground. Over the next two months, American and ARVN troops  were able to turn back the Viet Cong assault, with particularly heavy fighting in the cities of Hue and Saigon. Though the North Vietnamese were beaten with heavy casualties, Tet shook the confidence of the American people and media who had thought the war was going well. Vietnamization As a result of Tet, President Lyndon Johnson chose not to run for reelection and was succeeded by Richard Nixon. Nixons plan for ending US participation in the war was to build up the ARVN so that they could fight the war themselves. As this process of â€Å"Vietnamization† began, US troops started to return home. The mistrust of Washington that had begun after Tet increased with the release of news about bloody battles of questionable value such as Hamburger Hill (1969). Protests against the war and US policy in Southeast Asia further intensified with events such as soldiers massacring civilians at My Lai (1969), the invasion of Cambodia (1970), and the leaking of the Pentagon Papers (1971).   End of the War and the Fall of Saigon The withdrawal of US troops continued and more responsibility was passed to the ARVN, which continued to prove ineffective in combat, often relying on American support to stave off defeat. On January 27, 1974, a peace accord was signed in Paris ending the conflict. By March of that year, American combat troops had left the country. After a brief period of peace, North Vietnam recommenced hostilities in late 1974. Pushing through ARVN forces with ease, they captured the Saigon on April 30, 1975, forcing South Vietnam’s surrender and reuniting the country.   Casualties United States: 58,119 killed, 153,303 wounded, 1,948 missing in action South Vietnam 230,000 killed and 1,169,763 wounded (estimated) North Vietnam 1,100,000 killed in action (estimated) and an unknown number of wounded Key Figures Ho Chi Minh – Communist leader of North Vietnam until his death in 1969.Vo Nguyen Giap – North Vietnamese general who planned the Tet and Easter Offensives.General William Westmoreland – Commander of US forces in Vietnam, 1964-1968.General Creighton Abrams – Commander of US forces in Vietnam, 1968-1973.

The Final Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Final Solution - Essay Example The derivation of â€Å"The Final Solution† can be witnessed in the period between 1939 and 1941. The fruition of this genocide was based on the religious disparity existing between the Jews and the Christians. In the 1939s the Christian leaders witnessed a failure in demonstrating Jesus as ‘Messiah’ before the fellow Jews which indeed fuelled up the adversarial correlation among the two religious groups (Browning, C. R., â€Å"The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939-March 1942†). However, the antagonism among these religious groups was witnessed long before the plan was factually determined, i.e. in the 1919 in which Adolf Hitler played a grave function. It is worth mentioning that he was the most evident personality who grounded the need to destroy the Jews from the country with his â€Å"Jewish Question† (McFee, â€Å"When did Hitler Decide on the Final Solution?†). As he stated in 1919s in his letters, â€Å"Jews were a race and not a religion† and that it was quite important for the European government to abolish this race in order to attain â€Å"national strength† (Kershaw, â€Å"Hitler’s Role in the â€Å"Final Solution†Ã¢â‚¬ ). The ultimate execution of â€Å"The Final Solution† was planned in the Wannsee Conference in the early 1942. Reinhard Heydrich, who was recognized to be the second in charge of the RF-SS of Himmler, coordinated around 15 Nazi bureaucrats belonging to the top level of the Nazi society in the conference which was held in Berlin. These Nazi leaders were affirmed to execute the plan to abolish a targeted number of 11 million Jews from Europe, which shall be instigated from Germany (Zapotoczny, â€Å"The Final Solution†). Although the plan was instigated from Germany in 1942, it was extended to the added parts of Europe including Poland, Greece, Hungary, France and others. The plan came to an end in the year 1944. With the rapidly increasing number of deaths of Jewish people a rescue committee was set in Budapest titled as Jewish Rescue Committee. The committee proposed to settle a contract with the European government which stated that in return of large quantities of tea, coffee, sugar, war materials and other goods, the government would spare the lives of the rest 800,000 Jews left in Europe (Breitman and Aronson, â€Å"The End of the "Final Solution"?: Nazi Plans to Ransom Jews in 1944†). By the year of the winding up of the plan in 1944, almost 5,933,900 Jews were annihilated by the Nazi leaders amounting to 67% of the total Jew population (The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise, â€Å"Estimated Number of Jews Killed in The Final Solution†). Undoubtedly, the entire act created a long lasting and profound impact not only on the social aspects of human lives, but also in the political, economical and military dimensions. In the 20th century, the rise of Nazi l eaders to sovereignty in the European continent headed towards the state-enforced racial discriminations. As a consequence, the economic environment of Germany, Poland and other nations of Europe had to witness terrific fluctuations. Several policies and anti-Jewish regimes were enforced in the period, such as â€Å"Aryanization†, â€Å"Night of Broken Glass† and others (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, â€Å"The "Final Solution"†). The consequences of the so called â€Å"

Emerging Technology 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emerging Technology 2 - Essay Example There are basically two different ways in which green computing can be looked at. One of these is by considering the hardware that is being used in the processes. The other is by considering the software. Hardware in this case will mostly look at such things as the efficiency of data processing and the design of data centers. Software considers such aspects as cloud computing and algorithm tweaks that minimize power consumption improving efficiency (Harris 2008 23). Hardware One of the more recent technologies in this space is that of cloud computing. This allows large companies to basically distribute the costs of handling their data to a single company. This reduces the amount of data centers required to hold the numerous amounts of data. They also provide companies with the opportunity to consolidate their resources and hence minimize power usage and increase efficiency. One concern though that has been raised by this technology is that of the security of the data. This is from wh ere there is increased risk of the transfer of secure data from the companies to the data centers. There is the virtualization of both software and hardware. A good example is the running of two or more logical computers from a single set of hardware. This leads to the consolidation of resources that increases the efficiencies of running computer systems (Soomro & Sarwar 2012 539). Software One of the software green computing technologies that is begin applied is that of the utilization of green scheduling techniques and green compilers. Green compilers work through various processes to analyze the programs that a software is running on and then to reshape the source code of the software. They reshape the software by applying certain green aspects. A green scheduler on the hand works on how to allocate the resources to a program and how well to utilize these resources so as to make it more efficient. The concerns that are raised with these two modes of software engineering are that they require a balance between efficiency and effectiveness of the machine (Fakha, Javed, Rasool, Malik & Zulfiqar 2012). Conclusion There have been great improvements in the making of green computing systems. The current improvements are limited by the available hardware at the moment. It has been predicted that we are a few years away from deriving the maximum efficiency out of silicon based chips. A better scheduler is also required to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the various green compliers currently available. Intelligent systems Abstract Intelligent systems are commonly used to refer to systems with artificial intelligence. It is difficult to generally classify these but they can be broadly classed as diagnostic, knowledge and expert. All these different categories apply three basic principles that have their various limitations. The major limitation is in the replication of human knowledge. This is a limitation that at present has greatly limited the developmen t of artificial intelligent systems. Introduction There has been a contention with how to think about intelligent systems with their being a variety of definitions. The one that may be used to explain an intelligent system may be that it is â€Å"

Unit 5 speer review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 5 speer review - Essay Example Par 5, line 2 and 3: â€Å"This irony here is that the product was at first quite a disaster†. The sentence is unclear or rather ambiguous. Despite its weak construction, the irony being referred to is nonexistent. Par 5, line 3: â€Å"Sven Mattisson, the man behind the technology stated:..† The extra information â€Å"the man behind the technology† should have been enclosed with commas. Moreover, instead of the colon efore the direct quotation, a simple comma should have been used. So the sentence should look like: â€Å"Sven Mattisson, the man behind the technology, stated, â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The content is quite appealing. The introduction is organized and guides the reader throughout the essay by providing an ostensible road map. While the content is profound, little has been done on the development of the Bluetooth technology. The inclusion of the stepwise development of the technology would have bolstered the quality of the essay and the argument being

CCNA Basic (Assignment Booklet 2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CCNA Basic (Assignment Booklet 2) - Essay Example By using the 255.255.255.201 and subnetting the network you get more IP addresses and it is easier than requesting two more address blocks. This enables each network to have its own subnet to house their own devices in order to keep the network secure and ensure there is no collision of traffic. Question 3: Using 10.0.0.0create a subnet mask for the 900 subnets. Identify 198th and VLSM for a further 40 subnets. 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.224 host range 1 to 30 10.0.0.32 255.0.0.224 host range 33 to 62 10.0.0.64 255.0.0.224 host range 65 to 94 10.0.0.96 255.0.0.224 host range 97 to 126 10.0.0.128 255.0.0.224 host range 129 to 158 10.0.0.160 255.0.0.224 host range 161 to 190 10.0.0.192 255.0.0.224 host range 192 to 222 10.0.0.224 255.0.0.224 host range 225 to 254 10.0.0.256 255.0.0.224 host range 258 to 287 10.0.0.289 255.0.0.224 host range 291 to 320 10.0.0.322 255.0.0.224 host range 324 to 353 10.0.0.355 255.0.0.224 host range 357 to 386 10.0.0.388 255.0.0.224 host range 390 to 419 10.0.0.421 255.0.0.224 host range 423 to 452 10.0.0.454 255.0.0.224 host range 456 to 485 10.0.0.487 255.0.0.224 host range 489 to 518 10.0.0.520 255.0.0.224 host range 522 to 551 10.0.0.553 255.0.0.224 host range 555 to 584 10.0.0.586 255.0.0.224 host range 588 to 617 10.0.0.619 255.0.0.224 host range 621 to 650 10.0.0.652 255.0.0.224 host range 654 to 683 10.0.0.685 255.0.0.224 host range 687 to 716 10.0.0.718 255.0.0.224 host range 720 to 749 10.0.0.751 255.0.0.224 host range 753 to 782 10.0.0.784 255.0.0.224 host range 786 to 815 10.0.0.817 255.0.0.224 host range 819 to 848 10.0.0.851 255.0.0.224 host range 853 to 882 10.0.0.884 255.0.0.224 hos

Importance of the UK travel and tourism industry Essay

Importance of the UK travel and tourism industry - Essay Example In "Importance of the UK travel and tourism industry" essay, the author gives full analysis of the tourism sector in the United Kingdom, including outbound, inbound and domestic tourism. After three years of downturn for the tourism industry, it robustly rebounded in 2004 with more than 760 million arrivals globally – an increase of around ten percent over 2003. This was indeed a welcome change after three years of stagnation following the September 11 attacks, the SARS crisis and the Iraq war, almost all destination markets recorded substantial growth. It is estimated that there are 1.4 million jobs in tourism in the UK, some 5% of all people in employment in the UK amounting to more jobs in tourism than in construction or transport put together. Of these, approximately 130,400 of these jobs are in self-employment. The broader perspective of the Travel & Tourism economy (direct and indirect) is expected to create 16,590 new jobs for the UK economy for a total of 2,857,300 job s dependent on Travel & Tourism or 9.3 percent of total employment. Domestic tourism: The total revenue garnered was to the tune of  £13.7 billion in 2003 by the UK residents and they took 70.5 million holidays of one night or more. Of these 22.3 million was business travel comprising of overnight business trips spending  £6.1 billion while the rest was leisure travel amounting to 34.3 million overnight trips to friends and relatives spending  £3.4 billion, overall with an expenditure estimated to be over  £59 billion in 2003. ... The top five overseas markets for the UK in 2004 were: Country Visits (000) Country Spend ( m) USA 3,616 USA 2,400 France 3,254 Germany 825 Germany 2,968 France 769 Irish Republic 2,578 Irish Republic 760 Netherlands 1,620 Spain 618 (Source from website The UK industry is expected to benefit from strong inbound traffic to post GBP34.9 -13824 (US$66.6 billion) in total Visitor Exports in 2005 or 11.5 per cent of total exports. Outbound Tourism: The number of visits abroad made by UK residents has almost tripled since 1984, to a record 64.2 million visits in 2004. Two-thirds of these visits abroad were holidays, just under half of which were package holidays. Spending on visits abroad by UK residents increased to a record 30.3 billion, a fourfold increase between 1984 and 2004 in real terms, and a 10 per cent increase between 2003 and 2004. (Source from website) Domestic tourism: The total revenue garnered was to the tune of 13.7 billion in 2003 by the UK residents and they took 70.5 million holidays of one night or more. Of these 22.3 million was business travel comprising of overnight business trips spending 6.1 billion while the rest was leisure travel amounting to 34.3 million overnight trips to friends and relatives spending 3.4 billion, overall with an expenditure estimated to be over 59 billion in 2003. Expenditure from domestic and inbound tourism 2001 ( billion) 2002 ( billion) Spending by overseas residents Visits to the UK 12.8 11.3 Fares to UK carriers 3.5 3.2 Spending by domestic tourists Trips of 1+ nights 26.1 26.1 Day

CCNA Basic (Assignment Booklet 2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CCNA Basic (Assignment Booklet 2) - Essay Example By using the 255.255.255.201 and subnetting the network you get more IP addresses and it is easier than requesting two more address blocks. This enables each network to have its own subnet to house their own devices in order to keep the network secure and ensure there is no collision of traffic. Question 3: Using 10.0.0.0create a subnet mask for the 900 subnets. Identify 198th and VLSM for a further 40 subnets. 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.224 host range 1 to 30 10.0.0.32 255.0.0.224 host range 33 to 62 10.0.0.64 255.0.0.224 host range 65 to 94 10.0.0.96 255.0.0.224 host range 97 to 126 10.0.0.128 255.0.0.224 host range 129 to 158 10.0.0.160 255.0.0.224 host range 161 to 190 10.0.0.192 255.0.0.224 host range 192 to 222 10.0.0.224 255.0.0.224 host range 225 to 254 10.0.0.256 255.0.0.224 host range 258 to 287 10.0.0.289 255.0.0.224 host range 291 to 320 10.0.0.322 255.0.0.224 host range 324 to 353 10.0.0.355 255.0.0.224 host range 357 to 386 10.0.0.388 255.0.0.224 host range 390 to 419 10.0.0.421 255.0.0.224 host range 423 to 452 10.0.0.454 255.0.0.224 host range 456 to 485 10.0.0.487 255.0.0.224 host range 489 to 518 10.0.0.520 255.0.0.224 host range 522 to 551 10.0.0.553 255.0.0.224 host range 555 to 584 10.0.0.586 255.0.0.224 host range 588 to 617 10.0.0.619 255.0.0.224 host range 621 to 650 10.0.0.652 255.0.0.224 host range 654 to 683 10.0.0.685 255.0.0.224 host range 687 to 716 10.0.0.718 255.0.0.224 host range 720 to 749 10.0.0.751 255.0.0.224 host range 753 to 782 10.0.0.784 255.0.0.224 host range 786 to 815 10.0.0.817 255.0.0.224 host range 819 to 848 10.0.0.851 255.0.0.224 host range 853 to 882 10.0.0.884 255.0.0.224 hos

Applied Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Applied Marketing Management - Essay Example Since macro-brewed beers are likely to be less expensive than craft beers because of the traditional processes (Canestorp), craft beers would most likely attract beer aficionados who are more adventurous, and thus willing to spend more for beer. The craft-beer industry is steadily growing (McKinney) which is why it would be favorable to exploit local markets effectively while taking competition into consideration (15). SWOT Strengths Strong start-up (establishing local presence in a booming industry) Highly differentiated products Initiative for an online presence Weaknesses Weak brand image since it is still a small growing brew pub Inadequate promotional tactics Less experienced with food Only caters to a certain demographic type Opportunities Exploit the Internet and such other technological advances to strengthen the market presence Exploit other local markets Entrepreneurial spirit to explore on other product options Weakening industry for macro-brewers Threats Cash flow may not be strong enough for product exploration Growth of competition in the craft brewing industry Price competition Competition with established and highly profitable macro-brewing companies Government intrusions Works Cited Canestorp, Dustin. â€Å"Hawking the Wares – How Bartenders Sell Craft Beers.† ArticleBase. ArticleBase, 8 Jan. 2011. Web. 21 Feb. 2011.

Session Musician Intericate Research Essay Example for Free

Session Musician Intericate Research Essay Go on tour with bands. Session musicians sometimes go on tour with bands; this involves getting paid a certain amount to play various gigs and concerts around a certain part of the world (or indeed all of it!). A session musician will either ask the company, or the company will ask the session musician to go and play either a whole tour, or just a few numbers in the tour. There is a large amount of gambling involved when it comes to being a session musician or hiring one. This is due to the fact that: a session musician gets pain a certain amount for the show (say  £1,000), if the show is a total flop then the record label will lose money, BUT if the show is a roaring success then the record label will make mega bucks. The gamble for the session musician is that he or she can’t go back and claim a percentage of the profits if it is particularly good. The session musician gets paid a set amount and no more. Recording sessions. Quite often a session musician will go for a recording of a single or a few tracks. This will involve the producer talking with the session musician, and agreeing a set amount of pay, agreeing the song(s) that will be performed, and how long it will take, and possible whether it will be split over multiple sessions of not. After the terms have been agreed, the rehearsal and tuning will be done, this involves the band and session musician playing the first few seconds of each song, and adjusting their instruments until they are in proper tune. Finally the actual recording will begin, this involves the session musician and the band playing a set list of songs perfectly, whilst being recorded. Again there is still the gamble that if the song if a flop, then the session musician will still get full pay. Practice/ individual techniques. In order to be a successful session musician, you must receive some kind of musical tuition. This is because you really need to be the best in the business to be a decent session musician, in order to be the best, and make your songs worthwhile, (and make the big companies pay large sums of money for your musical genius). Rehearsals with bands/ singers. Obviously the session musician will need to play with other on a regular basis, as solo practice is not quite enough to cut the mustard, and a second opinion on your music can make a world of difference. The session musician will have to practice all of the songs he/ she will play in a band, because if they didn’t then the tempo might not line up properly, he/ she would be unaware of any changes made to the track, and furthermore the session musician would have less time to improve their musical craft. During a rehearsal each member of the group (and the SM) will play a few scales, tune up properly and strum a few finger loosening exercises, or something of the like. Then it is down to business with playing through a song that needs to be learnt, identifying the weak areas, tightening them up, and moving on to the next part. Promote themselves. Session musicians are forced to promote themselves, otherwise they would not get anywhere in their career. Promoting yourself consists of, making a few you tube videos, creating a website (hired or self designed), putting up posters, or just making some mix tapes of various songs that show of your various skills. This is probably the hardest part about being a session musician, as there is so much competition. Session musicians are a dying breed, so any opening is quickly snapped up by the fastest and the best. The best approach is to make a site, create a few videos on you tube, call a few companies, and hope for the best. If there isn’t work out there, then make work. Do their own accounts. Session musicians can be self employed, this means doing their own taxes and bills for things to do with their profession. This is the most unexciting branch of being a session musician, as you will have to dedicate a couple of hours a week to doing the tax returns, and the business costs (website maintenance etc). How do they link in with other parts of the music industry? Concert producer/ promoter. Session musicians link in with concert producers through the sharing of music, obviously. But what a lot of people are oblivious to is how the producers get a hold of the session musician and do business. As I have previously stated, the session musician will upload a few videos to You Tube and on other sites that may facilitate this. The producer will look at the musician’s videos, the number of views, and the number of likes and dislikes. After the producer has seen the video, given a verdict, and seen that it is awesome (or not), then the producer contacts the session musician and says â€Å"we have an opening, would you like to have a recording session and make a demo. If it is good then we will take you on tour† but then if you are not what they want, you get a recording session under your belt. Roadie. A roadie is a person who takes equipment etc from place to place. A roadie is one of the less thought about aspects of the music industry, they are not involved in music producing but they are involved in music, just not in the usual way. A session musician is quite dependant on the roadies, because they are busy people (along with the rest of the band) and need as much rehearsal time, and relaxing time before the show. Just imagine a full rock band (Bass, Rhythm guitar, Lead guitar, Full drum kit, and all the other gubbinz that may be needed) carrying their own things in, it would take forever. But luckily the burly roadie is here to take all of the kit in. also I am sure that no musician wants to play with a pulled muscle. Live sound technician. A live sound technician is the bands best friend, and a session musician’s messiah. The live sound technician has the power to make a concert a big hit, or make it fall flat on its face. The LST will first have a detailed conversation with the musicians about what needs to be done, this includes the volume, the dominance of the band instruments to the mic, and the times when certain bits of backing need to be played (if there are any). Session musicians rely quite heavily on these wonderful people. To put it into context â€Å"Jimmy Quake is a session musician, he is about to play his first signed gig. He is playing with Sepultura (a thrash metal band) and he wants to make a good first impression on the world for his debut. The LST says to him and the band what needs to be done to your track to make it a hit, and the band will say this that and the other. But if the LST didn’t do this, the track would fail and Jimmy would never reach the big time. However if the LST an d Jimmy work in unison, Jimmy hits the big time, and the world screams his name when he enters the room.† What would happen if those bonds were not there? Concert producer/ promoter. Well. As you know, the concert promoter/ producer is going to hire the SM in the first place. So the musician would essentially not exist in live performances. Just imagine if you would only ever see bands in their original form. It might not seem that bad, but the band â€Å"them crooked vultures† was formed by merging: john Paul Jones (from led zeppelin), Dave Grohl (from Nirvana and Foo Fighters), and Josh Homme (from Queens Of The Stone Age). They also have a session musician that plays on live tours etc called Alain Johannes, he used to be a session musician, but his music was heard by John Paul Jones, and he decided that his sound needed to combine with the other members sound to create an extremely popular band. Strictly speaking Alain Johannes was not a session musician in all respects, but in many others, he was one. Roadie. A session musician would be lost without a Roadie to cart their various tools, instruments, and all manner of other kit to its proper destination. Hypothetically speaking, a session musician could survive without a Roadie, but it would be rather inconvenient and time wasting. â€Å"Joe is a SM, he is heading to Tokyo to play a $20 000 gig. He gets off the plane and gets into the van, ready to take him to the â€Å"Tokyo Dome†. Joe suddenly realizes that his Roadie no longer shared a bond with him; he takes all of the equipment out of the plane and loads it into the van. Then they set of. Joe has pulled a muscle in his back and is in crippling agony, he gets to the arena, lugs the rest of his things into the staging area, realizes that he is 2 hours late for practice, plays terribly because of his back and lack of practice, he is hung drawn and quartered for his crimes against music, and his career is over. (but realistically not his life.) Live sound technician. Well, as I have previously stated, a LST has the almighty power to change the sound of the music. The fans come for the merchandise, the concession, and the thrill, but the music is paramount over all of these other factors combined. If a SM does not have a LST then the concert would be a disaster waiting to happen.. if there was no live sound technician then the volumes would be all wrong, and any other tracks that may need to be played over it would not happen. Also the LST is the person who runs the rehearsals, so they would no longer happen, leading to an all round shoddy performance. Theoretically, a SM could live without a LST as well, but they would have to play acoustic, or just be realy in sync with the volume and timing of their performance.

The Bitumen Stabilised Materials Engineering Essay

The Bitumen Stabilised Materials Engineering Essay The following section looks at what bitumen satbilised materials are and how they are implemented in construction. As many aspects of bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen overlap this section looks at them both together, which sub-sections outlining the differences between the methods. Introduction Bitumen Stabilised materials Bitumen stabilized materials are materials which have been treated with either bitumen emulsion or foamed bitumen. When adding either type of bitumen the quantity of bitumen should not exceed more than 3% of the total mass of the dry aggregate, as this would mean it is more than a stabilizing agent. Furthermore in many situations an active filler in the form of cement or hydrated lime can also be added to the mix. If it is added however it should not exceed more than 1% of the bitumen stabilizer added. If it does the materials is considered to be cement treated. It is also important to note that this stabilisation agent does not the material into solid asphalt like material. In undergoing this treatment the material will remain in a granular state similar to how it was before stabilisation. It is only its behavioral characteristics which will change. The material will experience an increase in material strength and a reduction in moisture susceptibility as a result of the manner in which the bitumen is dispersed amongst the finer aggregate particles. The fact that the material will remain in a granular state means that this treatment method is dramatically different from all other pavement materials. The dispersed bitumen changes the shear properties of the material by significantly increasing the cohesion value whilst causing little change to the internal friction angle of the material. It will also have a void content similar to that of a granular layer, not like and asphalt. Bitumen Emulsion As the name suggest in this process bitumen is emulsified in water. This means that bitumen is dispersed in water, with the knowledge that they will not mix; due to the fact an emulsifying agent is used. The emulsifying agent will also give the bitumen emulsion a charge, making the bitumen emulsion either cationic or anionic. This mixture is then added to the aggregate which will make up a part of the pavement structure. As the bitumen droplets are charged, they will be attracted to the aggregate particles. In attraction they will be drawn to the smaller particles as they have the greatest surface area and charge concentration features. For these reasons the type and moisture of the aggregate in the mix is crucial in efficiently dispersing the bitumen emulsion and preventing premature separation of the bitumen from the water during mixing. Once it has been mixed the separation of the water from the bitumen needs to occur. This will allow the bitumen to act as a binder. This separation should only occur after the material has been fully compacted. The mixing process involved with Bitumen Emulsion occurs offsite in a manufacturing plant. Here it is can be stored for several months. The diagram below shows a simplified version of the manufacturing process. Foamed Bitumen To produce foamed bitumen water is injected into hot bitumen, which results in instant foaming of the bitumen. In the foaming process the hot bitumen is turned into vapour, which is trapped in thousands of tiny bitumen bubbles. These bubbles dissipate in less than a minute. When the bubbles burst they form tiny bitumen particles. These spread throughout the aggregate attaching themselves to the finer particles of the aggregate mixture. When the aggregate is compacted, the bitumen covered particles are pressed against the larger particles in the aggregate. As a resultant of this localized non-continuous bonds are formed, like spot welds. Behaviour As the material treated with bitumen will remain in an unbound state, it will act similar to the original material. The only difference will be an improved cohesive strength and reduced moisture sensitivity, which are both favorable outcomes. This is because the bitumen only disperses amongst the finer particles, which forms a bitumen-rich mortar between the coarse particles. This also means that opposite to the common misconception that the material will become black and sticky like a hot-mix asphalt. The material will only slightly darken in colour. Through numerous tests around the world of bitumen stabilized pavements a number of initial observations on how the pavement will behave have been made. The following behaviours have been assumed. Materials treated with either bitumen methods will experience an increase in cohesion. The friction angle of the treated material will remain similar to the untreated material. They obtain flexural strength. Which will mean the pavement is less likely to crack when subjected to tensile stresses. Moisture sensitivity and durability are improved. This is due to the fact the finer particles are encapsulated and immobilized blocking flow channels. The most common mode of failure is permanent deformation. All these behaviors will depend on the following: The local climate (Temperature, Average rainfall, likeliness of frost or snow) The properties of the parent material The density of the layer The quantity of binder added The use of any active fillers The properties of the supporting material It is important to note here that BSMs behave very different to asphalt and cement treated materials. Benefits There are a number of benefits associated with using BSMs. These include: Increased strength The ability to replace higher quality materials, meaning a cost saving Improved durability Improved moisture sensitivity Can provide cost and time savings Typical failure mode is permanent deformation, which requires less effort to rehabilitate when compared to a material that will fail due to full-depth cracking They are not temperature sensitive If the road requires rehabilitation BSMs propose little treat to the environment They are not overly sensitive, meaning the amount of bitumen added can vary slightly The process does not require heavy construction traffic. This limits the damage cause to newly constructed layers during construction Limitations When considering whether to use BSMs or not there are three main limitations. These should be carefully considered when making the decision to use BSMs. The three limitations are; Economics Bitumen treatment can add significant costs to a project. Its use of lower caterogory roads should be carefully examined as it could not be worth it. Design Expertise as they are currently been developed and act differently from all other pavement materials careful design is required. Construction Expertise the construction process requires attention to detail. This means special training of the work force is required. Along with this limitations the both bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen have their own disadvantages Bitumen Emulsion With bitumen emulsion come the following disadvantages By adding the water present in the emulsion process, the original material may go over its optimum water content. This will mean the material cannot be compacted properly. A quick setting time is required allow the material to gain sufficient strength the construction process must be completed with care. If the bitumen breaks prematurely it will not mix properly. If the material is to stable it can take months for the bitumen to break Foamed Bitumen With foamed bitumen come the following disadvantages it requires sufficient fines. They required to ensure the bitumen mixes thoroughly. Foaming equipment needs to be up kept and be in correct working order. The foamed bitumen needs to be sprayed in uniform, consistent manner. The process requires specialist equipment, as the two liquid are not compatible. Materials Suitable for treatment For bitumen stabilisation to work a suitable material must be selected. First of all the material must be granular. For this reason materials that are suitable for treatment include; Crushed rock Previously untreated natural gravels, such as basalt, granite, limestone, quartz, sandstone Reclaimed asphalt It can also be said that calcrete gravels can be used for bitumen emulsion; however it will not work with foamed bitumen. Design Approach Design Sequence The first step in a typical design for a BSM involves an investigation of the conditions. This includes expected traffic volumes, the materials available, the climate and the pavement structure for recycling projects. Once this has been done a laboratory investigation of the proposed material takes place. This involves determining the materials class. The next step is to design the mix and make the final material classification. Once all of these steps are completed the structural design is completed. In this design if it is shown that the road is not economically viable the mix design will be redone and the steps repeated. Shown below is a flow chart of the steps involved. Mix Design In using a stabilizer it is important that the stabilizer meets its intended purpose. The process of design the mix will be mainly dependent of the design traffic, the material available and the cost considerations. However n creating a mix design it is also important to consider the following; The primary failure mode this will define the materials performance requirements. Appropriate laboratory tests tests need to be selected that will identify the key performance criteria and failure mechanisms. Identifying key mix properties and intrinsic material properties. Taking into account variability in material properties Environmental factors Climate and moisture conditions. The ability to effectively compact the material. In designing the mix it is important to note that optimum bitumen content is not always selected for the mix design. This is because although the optimum bitumen content will provide the maximum material strength, this will mean other characteristics are forfeited. For example a high strength design will often lead to brittle inflexible pavement layers that are susceptible to cracking. In designing the mix it is important that the design is balance so that it will be suitable to it requirements. Classification of BSMs Currently South Africa has divided Bitumen Stabilised Materials into three classes. These classes are dependent on the quality of the original material and the design traffic. The three classes include: BSM1 The parent material has a high shear strength, and is normally the base layer for large volumes of traffic. Source materials include well graded crushed rock or reclaimed asphalt. BSM2 The parent material has a moderately high shear strength and is normally the base layer for moderate traffic loads. Source materials include graded natural gravel of reclaimed asphalt. BSM3 The parent material is soil-gravel and/or sand, stabilized with higher bitumen contents. It is a base layer that can only handle low traffic volumes. It is thought that Australia will have a classification system similar to this. Mix design BSMs behave in a very complex manner, which gives engineers a great flexibility when it comes to designing a mix that will best meet the design conditions. The mix is made up of aggregate, bitumen and sometimes an active filler where required. In design the mix there are two fundamental failure mechanisms that need to be designed for in the mix these are; Permanent Deformation This is dependent on the materials shear properties as it is caused by the accumulation of shear stresses. Resistance to permanent deformation as known as rutting is improved by: Improved aggregate angularity shape, hardness and roughness Increased maximum particle size Improved compaction Reduced moisture content Addition of limited amounts of bitumen Addition of an active filler Moisture Susceptibility this is the damage caused by the exposure of a BSM to high moisture contents and pore-pressures caused by traffic. This then means a loss of adhesion between the bitumen and the aggregate. Due to water been involved in the mixing stage and the partially coated nature of the aggregate makes moisture susceptibility an important consideration in the evaluation of material performance. Moisture resistance is improved by Increased bitumen content Addition of an active filler Improved compaction Smooth continuous grading It is interesting to note here the difference in recommended bitumen content. To help prevent deformation limited amounts of bitumen are recommended. However to improve moister resistance increased bitumen contents are recommend. This means that a compromise must be made, by using the laboratory testing to determine a bitumen content which will meet the demands of the design. Mix type selection As stated in sectionXX the three main factors the influence the type of BSM used are: The design traffic The quality of aggregate available The cost Once the type of BSM has been selected there are three main factors that affect the bitumen and active filler selection for the mix design; Traffic design (volumes and loadings) Climate (particularly moisture considerations) Supporting layers (strength) The influence these factors have is demonstrated in the following figure. As it can be seen heavy traffic loads, a wet climate and weak supporting layers all mean an increased amount of bitumen is required to ensure design requirements are meet. Mix Design Procedure To create the best design mix possible several procedural steps need to be done. This ensures that that every criteria is meet, as there are numerous variables that need to be checked. The first step of the mix design is to test the material which will be treated. This is done to ensure that the material is appropriate for testing. These tests include standard laboratory tests to determine the materials grading curve, moister, density and Atterberg limits. The next tests which are undertaken are the level 1 mix design tests. These provide an indication of the application rate of bitumen and active filler required to achieve an indicated class of BSM. Level 1 starts with the preparation of samples that will be used to manufacture the specimens required for all levels of mix design testings. testing at this level involves preparing 100mm diameter specimens which are compacted and cured for the purpose of undergoing Indirect Tensile Strength testing. These testing results are used to: Indentify the preferred bitumen stabilizing agent Determine the optimum bitumen content Identify if there is a need for an active filler and its type Tests after level 1 are done depending on the design traffic. The first of these are Level 2 mix design tests. The test at this level involves making a sample which is 150mm in diameter and 127mm in length. These are manufactured using vibratory compaction and then cured at the equilibrium moisture content. This sample then undergoes Indirect Tensile Strength to optimize the required bitumen content. The level 3 mix design test is only recommended for high capacity roads. This test involves preparing 150mm diameter by 300mm in length specimens, which allows for a higher level of confidence. It then undergoes the same Indirect Tensile Strength test. Mix Constituents Aggregate A wide range of mineral aggregates are suit for use with both types of bitumen treatment. These include aggregates ranging from sands to weathered gravels to crushed stone and can either be virgin or recycled. These must however fall into certain quality standards to ensure the road will be at it required class. When examining a material its following properties will be checked: Durability characteristics of the untreated aggregate Plasticity Grading Spatial composition Weathering characteristics Aggregate source The aggregate used can come from three different sources, Virgin Aggregate, Recycled Granular Layers and Reclaimed Asphalt Quality of Aggregate In using bitumen to stabilize the material it is possible to use a poorer quality of aggregate. For virgin aggregates four tests are used to identify material limits. Soacked CBR Grading completing a grading will identify any deficiencies in the material Percentage passing through the 0.075mm sieve higher fines contents mean a higher need for bitumen Plasticity Index for bitumen emulsion the materials PI should be less than 7. For foamed bitumen the materials PI should be less than 10. Materials with a high PI can be treated with lime. For recycled granular layers the materials quality will depend on: The structure of the existing pavement Construction variability Depth of recycling Age of the pavement Degree of patching and repair on the existing pavement Thickness and nature of old surfacing seals. Using reclaimed asphalt needs serious consideration as some material may not meet the quality standards required. This is particular important on highly used roads, where traffic loads are going to be large. When deciding whether the quality of the reclaimed asphalt will meet standards, the following needs to be considered. Climatic region if the material is going to be placed in a warm climate, shear tests must be carried out to represent that climate Axle loads high stresses will result in accelerated deformation of the road. This means that if the road is to carry heavy traffic its shear properties will need to be carefully considered Reclaimed Asphalt Composition if needed crusher dust can be added to the mix. This will provide an angular skeleton that will improve the mixes shear resistance. Grading The grading requirements for both types of bitumen stabilisation is different. This is due to the fact that the bitumen will disperse differently. The graph and table below give an indication of the grading required for each type of stabilisation. XXXXXX Bitumen Emulsion As the above table shows a minimum filler content of 2% is required. This is because the bitumen emulsion will coat the large particles of the aggregate better than the foamed bitumen. Foamed bitumen Foamed bitumen requires more filler; approximately 5% filler content is required. This is because the bitumen droplets disperse through the material, only partially coating the large particles. It uses the filler to create a spot welds connecting the larger particles using the fines. Bitumen Selection The bitumen selected plays an important part in how well the BSM works. Penetration grade bitumen is used to produce both bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen. In the next two sections the specific bitumen requirements for each form of stabilisation is given below. Bitumen Emulsion For bitumen emulsion base bitumens with a penetration value between 80 and 100 are normally selected. In saying this around the world softer and harder grades of bitumen have successfully been used. In recent years there have been many technological advances which have allowed the bitumen emulsion to have improved stability without prolonging the break time. However sufficient testing of the bitumen mix needs to take place both in the mix design phase and during construction trials. This will ensure the correct bitumen has been chosen. Another important consideration is the compatibility of the bitumen emulsion and the aggregate. This is because the type of bitumen chosen is influenced by the type of aggregate been treated. Certain materials are not suitable for catatonic treatment and others are not suitable for anionic treatment. The table below gives an indication of the compatibility of the emulsion with a aggregate. Aggregate Type Compatible with Cationic Emulsion Anionic Emulsion Dolerite Yes Yes Quartzite Yes No Hornfels/Greywacke Yes Yes Dolomite Yes Yes Granite Yes No Tillite Yes Variable Basalt Yes Yes Syenite Yes No Amphilbolite Yes Yes Marble Yes Yes Rhyolite Yes No Felsite Yes No Sandstone Yes No Andesite Yes Yes Furthermore it is normally recommended that the undiluted bitumen emulsion is heated to between 50 and 60Â °C. This will prevent premature breaking of the bitumen emulsion while pumping in the construction equipment. It is also important to note here that when diluting the emulsion the emulsion must be added to the water. This will prevent premature breaking. Foamed Bitumen When it comes to foamed bitumen a softer grade of bitumen can be used without compromising stability. This is because foamed bitumen only requires low percentages of bitumen in the mix. However like bitumen emulsion typical penetration values are between 80 and 100. Harder bitumen is normally avoided due to the poor quality of foam it produces. There are two main properties that determine the suitability of the bitumen for foamed bitumen stabilisation. These are its Expansion Ratio and its Half-Life. The expansion raito is a measure of the viscosity of the foam. This is what determines how well the bitumen will disperse through the mix. It is calculated by finding the ratio between the maximum volume of foam in relationship to the original volume of bitumen. The half-life is a measure of the stability of the foam and provides an indication of the rate of collapse of the foam during mixing. It can be calculated by determining the time it takes for the foam to collapse to half its maximum volume. The table below shows the minum limits of the expansion ratio and the half-life of the bitumen. XXX The greatest factor which will influencing the foam properties is the water injected into the expansion chamber. A greater injection of water will mean a higher expansion ratio, but this is offset by the fact it will mean a short half-life as the foam will subsided faster. Furthermore a higher bitumen temperature is usually recommended as it will create a better quality foam. Active Filler There are two types of fillers which can be used to improve the results of bitumen stabilisation; these are active and natural fillers. An active filler is a filler which will chemically alter the mix properties. There are various active fillers which can be used, examples of these are cement hydrated lime and fly ash. Natural fillers are fillers such as rock flour. These fillers can be used either by themselves or in a combination with another filler. Their use will depend on their cost, efficacy during use and the materials availability. Research has shown that it is almost impossible to predict the effectiveness of a filler. The only way to gain an idea of their effect is to complete experiments using different mixes. Active fillers are added to the bitumen in order to; Increase the stiffness of the mix Increase the rate at which the mix will gain strength Improve the dispersion of bitumen in the mix Improve adhesion between the bitumen and the aggregate Improve the curing time of the compaction mix Along with these general improvements, there are specific benefits for both treatments. For Bitumen Emulsion a filler will: Control the breaking time of the emulsion Improve the workability of the emulsion For Foamed Bitumen a filler will: Assist in dispersing the bitumen droplets Natural fillers on the other hand only act as a supplement for a lack of fines in the material which is needed for dispersion. It is important to note that when adding an active filler the time between the bitumen is mixed and it application is dramatically reduced. When an active filler is added the reaction begings immediately when it comes into contact with moist material. The longer the delay between mixing and application the less the filler will work. Water To ensure a high quality product it is important that the water used in mixing meets certain standards. Each technique requires different water qualities. Bitumen Emulsion For bitumen emulsion the pH levels of the water are extremely important. For cationic bitumen the water cannot be alkaline. If it is hydrochloric acid can be used to decrease the waters pH. For anionic bitumen emulsion the opposite applies, the water cannot be too acidic. To make the water more alkaline lime or caustic soda can be added to the water. Foamed Bitumen The standards for foamed bitumen arent as high as they are for bitumen emulsion. It is acceptable for the water used to contain some impurities, however this should be avoided. This is because the water can affect the mixing machinery. Specimen Preparation Moisture Moisture plays an important part in using bitumen to stabilize material. The role that moisture plays in the two types of BSM is explained in the table below. Component Bitumen Emulsion Foamed Bitumen Bitumen Contributes to fluids for compaction Does not effect Moisture in aggregate Reduces absorption of bitumen emulsion water into aggregate Separates and suspends the fines making them available to bitumen during mixing Prevents premature breaking Acts as a carrier for bitumen droplets during mixing Extends curing time and reduces early strength Reduces early strength Provides workability at ambient temperatures Reduces friction angle and lubricates for compaction Provides shelf-life for the mix The term for the best moisture content in the material is the optimum mixing moisture content or OMMC. It is important to note that for bitumen emulsion this moisture value is the moisture in the aggregate plus the moisture from the emulsion. The introduction of modern rollers has allowed for high energy compaction. In the case of BSM this means a lower fluid content can be used to produce the same quality of compaction. This has the added benefit of increasing the strength of the BSM. Material Preparation Below is the basic procedure for the material preparation involved in the mixing design. Determine the grading curve of the aggregate and its optimum moisture content of the natural material Determine the materials Atterberg Limits Determine the moisture and density relationship of natural material to obtain optimum moisture content Determine the moisture and density relationship of the treated material to obtain optimum moisture content Determine the moisture and density relationship using vibratory hammer compaction to obtain optimum moisture content Mixing It is recommended that a pugmill mixer is used in both mixes. The use of different mixers can produce up to a 25% difference in strength. Experiments have found that the pugmill mixer provides the most comprehensive mix. Compaction Correct compaction of the material is extremely important as it reduces the voids and improves particle contact. The use of bitumen emulsion will help improve the compatibility of the mix, while the use of foamed bitumen will promote the adhesion of the bitumen mastic to the stone. Curing Curing is the process where the water is removed from the compacted layer. Water can be removed from either evaporation, particle charge repulsion and pore-pressure induced flow paths. The reduction in moisture content will lead to an increased tensile and compressive strength as well as add stiffness to the mix. The curing process is different for both methods Bitumen Emulsion It is chemistry that controls the way bitumen emulsion treated material cures. By removing the water from the mix breaking of the emulsion occurs. To do this the water is removed by means of evaporation and migration. This curing will take longer than foamed bitumen curing, due to the higher moisture contents. Foamed Bitumen The curing of the foamed bitumen is a natural process. It is cured through the migration of water during compaction and continues as the water is evaporated. Testing There are two main tests which are used to check the various mix designs, they are the Indirect Tensile Strength test and a Triaxial Test Indirect Tensile Strength This test is completed to measure the flexibility of the material and give an indication of its tensile strength. The table below gives a guide for interpreting the results of the test. Test Specimen Diameter (mm) BSM1 BSM2 BSM3 Purpose ITSdry (kPa) 100 >225 175-225 125-175 Indicates optimum bitumen content ITSwet (kPa) 100 >100 75-100 50-75 Indicates need for active filler ITSequil (kPa) 150 >175 135-175 95-135 Optimise bitumen content ITSsoaked (kPa) 150 >150 100-150 60-100 Check value on ITSwet Triaxial Test This test is completed to meause the cohesion of the material, the friction angle and the retained cohesion. The table below gives a guide for interpreting the results of the test. Test or Indicator BSM1 BSM2 BSM3 Cohesion (kPa) >250 100-250 50-100 Friction Angle (Â °) >40 30-40 Retained cohesion (MIST) >75 60-75 50-60 Structural Design As discussed in Section XX the structural layers purpose is to protect the subgrade by dispersing the traffic loads. This means that the pavement structure and subgrade must work together to ensure the required design capacity. Construction For both stabilizing methods once the material has been mixed into the material, the various construction operations are relavitivily the same as those if the material wasnt treat

Free Measure for Measure Essays: Mercy vs. Justice :: Measure for Measure

Mercy vs. Justice in Measure for Measure Theme: Mercy vs. Justice. Allusion to justice = eye for eye, tooth for tooth [measure for measure]; allusion to mercy = let him without sin cast the first stone [esp. sexual sin]. Summary: Duke wants to restore the strictness of fornication/adultery laws. He sets up Angelo to do it, while he feigns that he will be away. Instead he remains to check up on Angelo and the town (Vienna). Angelo goes ahead and closes down Overdone's brothel and the others, and puts Claudio in jail, condemned to die the morrow, for impregnating Juliet. Isabella, Claudio's sister and about to enter a nunnery, pleads for Angelo's mercy on him. Lucio counsels her to be warm to him, and she is just warm enough to inspire Angelo to seduce her: seduction in exchange for Claudio. The Duke, posing as a Friar, overhears her exchange with Claudio in which he counsels her to go through with the act. He enters and sets up a plan: Angelo ought to have married Mariana but didn't: Mariana therefore will go in Isabella's place. Angelo, after the deed, calls even more quickly for Claudio's head. The Duke (as Friar) puts this off: now Angelo is two steps behind (not knowing about either Mariana or Claudio). The Duke returns, as Duke, and asks for anyone against Angelo to speak. Isabella does: finally it comes out that the Friar was behind Isabella's suit. The Friar is called for, and so the Duke disappears and comes back as the Friar, but is revealed to be the Duke. The switch is revealed and Angelo must marry Mariana; Claudio is revealed as alive and is pardoned by the Duke. Lucio (a subplot) also gets his deserts. Morality: mercy wins over justice, and yet there is a strong sense of justice having been done. Symbolically accomplished by the Duke (justice) taking on the habit of "a true friar" (mercy but with sense of justice) starting with I.iii.48. II.i.17 ff, Angelo on justice without mercy: "'Tis one thing to be tempted, Escalus,/Another thing to fall. I not deny,/The jury, passing on the prisoner's life,/May in the sworn twelve have a thief or two/Guiltier than him they try. What's open made to justice,/That justice seizes: what know the laws/That thieves do pass on thieves?"--this is unmitigated justice, just as II.i.30-31: "Let mine own judgement pattern out my death, [which Angelo is willing to accept once caught, in V.

My Personal Learning Style Essay -- essays research papers

My Personal Learning Style Wow! I have a personal learning style! If I had given any thought to my learning style prior to this course, I would have said simply, â€Å"Some things are easy for me to learn, and some things are not.† Now I can say, â€Å"I am a grouper, a top-down learner, an owl, in the C-D quadrants, and my strong intelligences are linguistic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal†. What all this means, still, is some things are easy for me to learn, and some things are not. But there I go again, simplifying the matter. My learning experience throughout grade school was cast in the Traditional method, employing rote, reward-and-punishment, and repetition, repetition, repetition. It was a one-size-fits-all approach, intended to instill good behavior as much as to instruct in the rudiments of reading, writing and arithmetic. We were not encouraged to participate in the process, unless, of course, we raised our hands, and were called upon to do so, and we were not to talk out of turn. We were to be passive and receptive. This was the â€Å"right† way to learn. It is a testimony to the great, unstoppable capacity of the brain to grow that many of us learned anything at all under those circumstances. Four decades of psychological research have taught us there is no one right way to learn. Our minds are as unique as our fingerprints. Our ability to learn is not necessarily related to high or low intelligence quotients, but rather a convergence of four important aspects of our perso...

Final writing exercise Essay

There are three phases whereby each has a different crystal structure at three different temperatures. At room temperature (298K), Phase III is present whereby Cs3H(SeO4)2 has a crystal structure of a monoclinic with a space group of C2/m. At 400K, Phase II is present whereby Cs3H(SeO4)2 has a crystal structure of a monoclinic-A2/a symmetry. At 470K, Phase I is present whereby Cs3H(SeO4)2 has a crystal structure of a trigonal with a space group of R3-m. In Phase III, as we can see in Figure 2(a), the positioning of the tetrahedrons is parallel to the a-axis, and in between these SeO4 tetrahedrons are the hydrogen bonds. Looking at a 2dimensional perspective, we can also see that there is a translation movement of the SeO4 tetrahedrons along the a-axis; hence the symmetry operator would be a glide line parallel to a-axis. In a 3-dimensional perspective, we can see that Phase III has a 2-fold rotation axis and contains glide planes. In Phase II, from Figure 2(b), we can see that the positioning of the SeO4 tetrahedrons are along the approximate direction [310]. Observing the schematic of the crystal structure in Phase II, we can see that there is a vertical mirror line in between the SeO4 tetrahedrons. There is also an a-glide reflection vertically. In Phase I, from Figure 2(c), the positioning of SeO4 tetrahedron is similar to that of Phase II, however the difference is the crystal structure and the hydrogen bonding. Comparing both Phase II and Phase III crystal structures of the compound, Phase II contains two-fold screw axis, inversion center and a two-fold rotation axis, which is the sole reason for Phase II to be twice of that of Phase III in terms of geometrical  arrangement of hydrogen bonds. From the above analysis of the symmetry of the crystals structures in different phases, we can tell that Phase III has the most symmetry operators and hence achieving the highest crystal symmetry generating a low geometrical arrangement of hydrogen bonds. Due to the low geometrical arrangement of hydrogen bonds, the mobility of protons decreases giving the result of ferroelasticiy. The drastic change from superprotonic conductivity to ferroelasticty happens when there is a change from Phase II to Phase III. The major difference between theses 2 phases is the hydrogen bond arrangement. Paragraph 2 Under the optical microscope, we can observe that the polymorphic domains will alter at each phase transition to a different extent. We can see in phase III that the domains in the Cs3H(SeO4)2 crystal are made up of polydomains separated by two kinds of domain boundaries. The two kinds of domain boundaries are categorized as the planes of {311} and {11n}, where n is determined by the strain compatibility condition. The domains at the sides of each domain boundary are related to the reflective symmetry or the rotational symmetry on that boundary itself. Furthermore, we can observe that the angle between any domain and its neighboring domains is approximately 120 °, which is very close to the theoretical values calculated using the lattice parameters. As we move on from phase III to phase II, we can observe that the domain structure alters slightly by the phase transition of TII–III. Similarly, the reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry also changes at the same phase transition. However, the kinds of domain and domain boundary remain the same as those in phase III despite a change in domain pattern. This could be due to the slight change in alignment of hydrogen bonding between the SeO4 tetrahedrons when the existing hydrogen bonds were broken to form new weaker  ones. This might explains why their lattice parameters a and b do not really change appreciably. Compared to phase III previously, the angle between any domain and its neighboring domains in phase II is also approximately 120 ° and is justified by the theoretical values determined from the same equation we used for phase III. Hence, this suggest a slight change in the Cs3H(SeO4)2 crystal structure at the phase transition of TII–III. From phase II to phase I, the domain boundaries is observed to have disappear just before the curie temperature of the phase transition of TI–II and the crystal structure changes from  optically biaxial to optically uniaxial. This could be due to an external stress caused by the atomic rearrangement of the SeO4 tetrahedrons in the Cs3H(SeO4)2 crystal as a result of breaking the hydrogen bonds between them. Paragraph 3 Higher temperatures for most material will enable atoms to move to low energy sites, fitting into a perfect crystal symmetry. Cs3H(SeO4)2 however behaves differently. As the temperature increases (above 396K), its crystal symmetry decreases when it changes phase from III to II. The orientation of the hydrogen bond for phase II and III differs. For phase II, the orientation is along [310] and [3-10] direction whereas for phase III, it is parallel to the aaxis. As the transition from phase III to II occurs, the precursor of the superprotonic conductivity is observed. In order for movement of proton to occur, the breaking and then recombination of hydrogen bonds are required. For phase III, in order for the movement of one proton, the breaking of 2 hydrogen bonds is needed. The reason as to why 2 hydrogen bond is needed to be broken and recombined again is because for the movement of one proton to occur, it must break the hydrogen bond it resides in and then change its orientation, recombining at another site; the mirroring effect of opposite hydrogen bond is required to maintain the crystal symmetry i.e. to say that the another hydrogen bond parallel to the previous hydrogen bond site needs to be broken and recombined at other site parallel to the newly  recombined hydrogen bond. In this way, in phase III, the recombination of two hydrogen bonds is simultaneously needed for one proton transport. Phase II however, behaves differently. The movement of the proton is independent of the other protons at other hydrogen site. The crystal structure allows for this flexibility of the proton motion, which the superprotonic conduction takes place. The mechanism in which proton transportation occurs in the polymorphs is by the diffusion of protons through a hydrogen bond network, by the cleaving and formation of the hydrogen bonds. However, in certain phases, the cleavage and formation of the hydrogen bond might differ. The fuel cell works on the basis of the movement of protons. The movement of electrons should be disallowed as it would short circuit the fuel cell. Hence, a membrane is used to allow only the movement of protons across and not electrons and gases. On top of that, in order for a superprotonic effect to occur, the flexibility for proton motion must be allo wed. Hence, the lesser symmetrically patterned the phases the protons reside in, the higher this flexibility.