Environmental Scanning Essay

The earth is answerable for more organization changes that the overall population regularly figures it out. The eventual fate of an organization relies upon the response that the organization needs to ecological changes. By not adjusting to the changes, organizations could eventually wind up falling flat. Perceiving that the earth is changing, organizations should have the option to adjust their items to stay aware of new chances and parity a vital fit between nature and the organization (Wheelen and Hunger, 2010). Toyota: A Responsibility to the Environment. Toyota drove the upheaval on financially agreeable vehicles when the Toyota Prius was presented in the United States in January 2009 (â€Å"The fifth toyota,† 2011). The Prius is the first in a long queue of vehicles since 2009 to advertise towards not creating perilous emanations unsafe to nature. Toyota perceived the requirement for more vitality proficient vehicles to decrease and adjusted to address the issue. This fast move brought about Toyota standing apart as a pioneer inside the car business. In 2011, Toyota presented the Fifth Toyota Environmental Action Plan. This activity plan sets the priority for norms for 2020 through 2030. The three topics all through the activity plan is development of a low-carbon society, development of a reusing based society, and the development of a general public that coincides with nature and ecological protection (â€Å"The fifth toyota,† 2011). Toyota is focused on building up the up and coming age of vehicles that depend on clean vitality, for example, power as opposed to fuel. Toyota likewise will guarantee advertise acknowledgment of these new vehicles by having these vehicles stand apart with various attributes that clients will need to have (â€Å"The fifth toyota,† 2011). Toyota is trying to animate the half breed vehicle advertise by presenting new models and growing the crossover vehicle showcase field (â€Å"The fifth toyota,† 2011). Toyota is additionally working with shoppers straightforwardly by executing activities by advancing eco-driving just as giving traffic-stream improvement utilizing current IT and ITS advances (â€Å"The fifth toyota,† 2011). By affirming Toyota as an industry head in cross breed vehicle innovation, Toyota has an upper hand. Making the activity arrangement open data just as centering all future innovation around this arrangement, Toyota is showing commitment to the earth just as devotion to what clients need. By making these objectives open, Toyota has an obligation to guarantee the viability of their arrangement. Toyota will gauge the viability of the activity plan by working with the REACH Regulation to guarantee the objectives they put forward are being met (â€Å"The fifth toyota,† 2011). The REACH Regulation spotlights on limiting the effect of concoction substances on the earth just as individuals and furnish companies with understanding on capably dealing with the utilization of synthetic substances (â€Å"The fifth toyota,† 2011). Toyota likewise anticipates working with government offices to guarantee that ecological objectives are being met (â€Å"The fifth toyota,† 2011). In 2008, Toyota started the way toward enrolling items either straightforwardly or in a roundabout way utilized in the assembling of their vehicles (â€Å"The fifth toyota,† 2011). In 2009, Toyota declared that lone 15 supplies utilized in vehicle fabricating were substances of high concern, and started to change these items for items that match REACH guideline (â€Å"The fifth toyota,† 2011). By working intimately with REACH and other government organizations, Toyota can keep consistent proportion of their achievement in their naturally based activity plan. Florida Power and Light: Clean Energy for a Clean Future Florida Power and Light is focused on changing dependent on natural needs. Not, at this point is it workable for electric organizations to work with non-renewable energy sources alone. Florida Power and Light uses a blend of powers at their capacity plants so as to produce clean vitality (â€Å"Our duty to,† 2014). Because of this blend of fills, Florida Power and Light is perceived as a spotless vitality organization with one of the least outflow rates (the discharge rate is right now 35% better than the business normal) and acquires most vitality from clean-copying gaseous petrol (â€Å"Our duty to,† 2014). This year, Florida Power and Light started activity at three outflows free sunlight based vitality offices in Florida (INSERT). By utilizing clean vitality, Florida Power and Light is number two in the nation for vitality productivity and offers one of the most reduced vitality charges in the state to their clients (â€Å"Our duty to,† 2014). Florida Power and Light is focused on being considered responsible as a pioneer in vitality productivity. By working intimately with the U. S. Division of Energy, Florida Power and Light can keep awake to date on the most proficient method to follow their present arrangement on power plant modernization process. Florida Power and Energy likewise refreshes the Florida Public Service Commission all the time to guarantee they are consenting to the guidelines for clean vitality (â€Å"Our responsibility to,† 2014). The parent organization of Florida Power and Light, Nextera Energy, makes their overseeing reports, strategies and techniques open information and documents in consistence with government offices to guarantee that they are meeting the natural needs important (â€Å"Our duty to,† 2014). Since the U. S. Division of Energy must supervise all force plants in the United States, Florida Power and Light should effectively keep up viable clean vitality to work inside guidelines, yet to keep on being an innovator in the field of intensity and vitality. Playing out a natural sweep is essential to organizations because of steady change. Nature is in a steady condition of progress. On the off chance that organizations don't perceive this change, they will neglect to adjust to the requirements of the current monetary conditions. By neglecting to change, organizations risk getting out of date in the new condition and are not, at this point ready to work. By performing ecological sweeps, organizations can gage where changes should be made and how to be pioneers in their field on the most proficient method to effectively execute causing the vital changes so as to stay significant. References The fifth toyota natural activity plan (fy2011-fy2015). (2011). Recovered from http://www. toyota-worldwide. com/maintainability/environmental_responsibility/action_plan/fifth_plan4. html Our duty to nature. (2014). Recovered from http://www. fpl. com/condition/responsibility. shtml Wheelen, T. L. , and Hunger, J. D. (2010). Ideas in key administration and business strategy: Achieving supportability (twelfth ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Project Risk and Cost Management Essay

Official SUMMARY: Sleepmore bedding is one of the main makers of beddings and has as of late obtained its rival. This obtaining has gotten a one of a kind suggestion wherein the organization needs to choose if it needs to combine the current plants with the gained plants or let them both run independently. This represents a one of a kind managerial test to the leader of the organization. The president realized that computing the dollar investment funds because of the combination of the offices will be simple however considering the subjective factors before settling on the choice will be troublesome. Thus, The President of the organization asked W. Carl Lerhos, his main partner to concoct an arrangement to improve the choice of picking between uniting the offices or running them independent. Carl picked three central point in assessing the union arrangement. They were augment fabricating advantage, boost deals profit and expand direct money related advantage. These three goals were to be assessed against 13 measures, which Carl showed up upon in the wake of talking about with the administration. These 13 properties were alloted an incentive from 0 to 10 against each plant being considered for solidification. Through these estimations quantitative terms, for example, Annual reserve funds, Plant area, Space accessibility and Initial Cost were evaluated. However, for doling out loads to the staying subjective terms, Carl needed to depend upon his gathering with President, Vice President of Operations and Vice President of Human Resources. In light of their sources of info Carl showed up at the beneath loads. In light of President’s input Annual Savings will be double the weight given to Plant Size. Work is double the weightage of the normal of all the thirteen characteristics. Quality and Service will be gauged more than the normal of allâ the thirteen properties. The executives will be weighed as the normal of all the thirteen properties. Plant area and Plant Size will be given equivalent weightage. Product offering multifaceted nature is 66% the significance of Management ability. Steadiness, Training and design independently has exceptionally little impact however by and large were viewed as double the weightage of Product line multifaceted nature. In view of the above subtleties accessible, Lerhos needs to successfully consolidate and show up at the choice. AHP was created for both the subjective and the quantitative estimations. In view of quantitative and subjective estimations it was obvious that combining the area 1a with area 1b will end up being a decent choice as opposed to consolidating area 2a with 2b or area 3a with 3b. Proclamation OF PROBLEM Mergers consistently includes settling on convoluted choices. Choices that ought to be in light of a legitimate concern for both the organizations which were consolidated. While settling on these choice they need to consider both the subjective and the quantitative and gauge them as indicated by the seriousness of the choice. The following are a portion of the issues which should be handled by Lerhos so as to show up at a choice. 1. Quantitative estimations. Both the organization president and the VPs realized that settling on choices dependent on the quantitative terms was simpler. After conversation with the administration, the estimation parameters so as to consider union of the plants were Annual Savings, Initial cost engaged with the solidification, Plant size and Space accessibility. All the three plants being considered for combination were to be determined for these qualities utilizing Analytical Hierarchical Process so as to show up at a choice whether to proceed with the union. So also, a standard estimation of five was given to the choice of keeping the plants isolated. AHC is to be determined in any event, for this choice. After the individual computations, choice to whether to keep these plants discrete or to proceed with merger were to be made. 2. Subjective estimations. Both the organization president and the VPs realized that settling on choices dependent on the subjective terms was a lot of troublesome. After conversation with theâ management, the estimation parameters so as to consider union of the plants were Labor, Quality, Service, Management Talent, Plant Location, Product line multifaceted nature, Production strength, preparing and Plant design. As referenced in the official rundown the individual loads for the subjective terms were appointed according to the data sources given by VP of Operations and Human Resources. All the three plants being considered for solidification were to be determined for these qualities utilizing Analytical Hierarchical Process so as to show up at a choice whether to proceed with the union. Essentially, a standard estimation of five was given to these estimations for the choice of keeping the plants isolated. AHC is to be determined in any event, for this choice. After the individual figurings, choice to whether to keep these plants isolated or to proceed with merger were to be made. Settling on a successful choice by mulling over, both the subjective and the quantitative terms and the individual loads appointed to these estimations is to be sure a troublesome choice. There is consistently the threat of allotting loads without thinking about how delicate they may be and how they may influence the general choice. Foundation: After each colleague read the contextual investigation we had an underlying conversation on our way to deal with the undertaking. We reached the resolution that we should ascertain AHP independently for both the Qualitative estimations and Quantitative estimations. Explanatory Hierarchical Process will help us in doling out loads to singular estimations and furthermore to check how they charge with every one of the plants. This counts lead to us to come to the end result that for the quantitative estimation, Location 1 will be most appropriate for merger and according to subjective estimation area 2 will be the most appropriate one for solidification. AHP estimations were detailed and we needed to make two distinct networks. One a 4*4 grid for Qualitative estimations and a 9*9 framework for subjective estimations. Additionally a 3*4 grid for singular plants for quantitative estimations and a 3*9 frameworks for subjective estimations were made. Philosophy:- To show up at the arrangement we will classify the accompanying segments into two classifications: 1. Quantitative Analysis :- Here, we will be taking the accompanying four parameters (Annual Savings, Initial cost, plant size and Space accessibility) as for union of the plants. All the three plants being considered for combination were to be determined for these qualities utilizing Analytical Hierarchical Process so as to show up at a choice whether to proceed with the solidification. AHC is to be determined for all the choices. In the wake of playing out the individual computations, choice to whether to keep these plants independent or to proceed with merger will be made. 2. Subjective Analysis:- Here, we will be taking the accompanying parameters (Labor, Quality, Service, Management Talent, Plant Location, Product line intricacy, Production dependability, preparing and Plant design) as for combination of the plants. As referenced in the official outline the individual loads for the subjective terms were allocated according to the sources of info given by VP of Operations and Human Resources. Along these lines, we will consider all the three plants for solidification to figure the qualities utilizing AHP so as to show up at a choice.

Racism in To Kill A Mocking Bird :: essays research papers

Harassing And Discrimination Contrasts in the economic wellbeing are watched significantly huge in the general public of Maycomb. Scout and Jem are two little youngsters who are growing up, watching all the confounded occurrences and attempting to get them. In the Maycomb County, episodes get increasingly more confused as the predicament of bigotry expands and greater and as astute Atticus begins loosing confidence in the positive qualities in individuals. Maycomb’s society resembles a progressive system. On the top there is Atticus Finch, he generally attempts to accept the great individuals. The oblivious ranchers Cunningham’s are underneath the towns’ individuals, which are beneath Finches. The Ewell’s even lower on the general public and the dark society comes after them regardless of the entirety of their fair and decent conditions. Where dark society remains on the social chain of command empowers Bob Ewell to cover his dark nearness by putting Tom Robinson down. Jem and Scout are developing in this general public and Atticus continues attempting to train them to take a gander at circumstances from another persons’ point of view to comprehend it better. This resembles an ethical exercise to the peruser from Harper Lee. It is something that applies to everybody. The colossal contrast in societal position is exceptionally damaging for the network and for Scout. For instance, Scout doesn’t c omprehend why Aunt Alexander doesn’t let her be companions with youthful Cunningham. Harper Lee uses children’s naivety and straightforwardness to show the complexities of the grown-up world and preference in human collaboration. Atticus develops his kids to be reasonable and equivalent. He is an exceptionally astute man, who by and large realizes the proper behavior and what to do. In a supremacist society like Maycomb, he is sufficiently courageous to safeguard a dark man. This preliminary is significant on the grounds that it gives a knowledge of the general public individuals and how they respond to Tom’s passing. Toward the finish of this preliminary Jem looses his trust in sanity of the individuals and sees the silly malevolent in individuals through this terrible episode. At the point when the women of the area get together in Finches house, we become more acquainted with progressively about the ladies of Maycomb. They talk about how their dark servants grumble and that Jesus never whined so no training will make a â€Å"Christian† out of them. They don’t think about blacks as Christians. After all they put stock in a similar God. Ladies examine and talk yet they never truly talk about whatever issues. Bigotry in To Kill A Mocking Bird :: expositions inquire about papers Harassing And Discrimination Contrasts in the economic wellbeing are watched impressively enormous in the general public of Maycomb. Scout and Jem are two little youngsters who are growing up, watching all the muddled occurrences and attempting to get them. In the Maycomb County, episodes get increasingly more confounded as the problem of bigotry expands and greater and as astute Atticus begins loosing confidence in the positive qualities in individuals. Maycomb’s society resembles a chain of command. On the top there is Atticus Finch, he generally attempts to accept the great individuals. The oblivious ranchers Cunningham’s are underneath the towns’ individuals, which are beneath Finches. The Ewell’s even lower on the general public and the dark society comes after them in spite of the entirety of their decent and good conditions. Where dark society remains on the social pecking order empowers Bob Ewell to cover his dark nearness by putting Tom Robinson down. Jem and Scout are developing in this general public and Atticus continues attempting to instruct them to take a gander at circumstances from another persons’ point of view to comprehend it better. This resembles an ethical exercise to the peruser from Harper Lee. It is something that applies to everybody. The immense distinction in societal position is ruinous for the network and for Scout. For instance, Scout doesn’t comprehend why Aun t Alexander doesn’t let her be companions with youthful Cunningham. Harper Lee uses children’s naivety and effortlessness to show the complexities of the grown-up world and partiality in human association. Atticus develops his youngsters to be reasonable and equivalent. He is an insightful man, who as a rule realizes acceptable behavior and what to do. In a supremacist society like Maycomb, he is sufficiently daring to guard a dark man. This preliminary is significant in light of the fact that it gives a knowledge of the general public individuals and how they respond to Tom’s passing. Toward the finish of this preliminary Jem looses his trust in sanity of the individuals and sees the silly malicious in individuals through this revolting episode. At the point when the women of the district get together in Finches house, we become more acquainted with progressively about the ladies of Maycomb. They talk about how their dark house keepers whine and that Jesus never griped so no training will make a â€Å"Christian† out of them. They don’t think about blacks as Christians. After all they put stock in a similar God. Ladies examine and talk however they never truly talk about whatever issues.

English Essay Topic For High School Students

English Essay Topic For High School StudentsWriting an English essay topic for high school students is quite challenging. If you're like most other students, you will end up losing track of what you wrote as you've been reading so much. It is also important to make sure that you read all of your work before you send it off for grading. This is particularly true for works that are based on facts, trivia or historical figures.High school students are, for the most part, self-motivated. They love to learn and they want to think about a topic and they want to write about it as well. However, it can be hard to convince them to do that when they've already spent most of their time listening to the teacher.One way to ease your workload is to create essays on topics that are related to your learning style. For example, if you have a lot of details in your writing, then you may consider using an English essay topic for high school students based on a sports angle. If you tend to write about s tories, then the same goes for that type of subject. Regardless of your learning style, there are plenty of topic ideas out there to choose from.As with any other writing assignment, English essay topics for high school students are supposed to have some sort of relationship with the student's curriculum. Don't just put together something that won't be useful to them and think you'll get away with it. Sometimes, students love to write about something that relates to their education.The best approach to a topic for an English essay topic for high school students is to see what kind of teacher you have. You can always find a resource that has good information, but sometimes this isn't a possibility. Instead, try to find a teacher who is willing to teach the subject.There are several ways you can go about finding a teacher that will be willing to teach the topic for you, but one way is to search the Internet. Not only can you find hundreds of teachers, but you can also find a lot of re sources online, including samples of high school essay topics for high school students.When you choose a topic for an English essay topic for high school students, be sure to make sure that you choose one that is relevant to the subject. In fact, it's usually best to use the topic as a way to get to know the teacher's teaching style and find out if you both agree that the topic fits the professor's teaching style.

Hildegard Pepln Case Study - 853 Words

Abstract There are a number of different approaches to being successful when caring for individuals with mental illness. Hildegard Peplau, Carl Rogers and B.F. Skinner are a few of the leading theorists in psychiatric nursing. The goal of this discussion is to gain a better understanding of each of these theorists’ perspectives and how each one has contributed to psychiatric nursing and caring for individuals with mental illness. After the discussion, one should have an understanding of the different perspectives and be able to implement each perspective when for the client with mental illness. Week 2 Topic 2 Case Study Before entering a Behavioral Health Center to care for individuals with mental illness, it would be wise†¦show more content†¦Example, â€Å"how can I help you feel as ease and safe?† If the client does not respond you can let him or her know that you will be there to talk and listen whenever he or she is ready. Hildegard Peplau. The nurse has multiple roles in Peplau’s nursing theory. The main roles include: stranger, surrogate, counselor, teacher, resource person and leader. As a stranger, one would introduce him or herself and explain why you’re there. As a teacher, one would implement the knowledge he or she has gained in caring for the individual. As a resource, the nurse would provide specific information needed by the patient that helps the patient understand a problem or situation. The nurses role as a counselor is to help the patient understand and incorporate the meaning of current life situations, as well as offer guidance and reassurance in order to make changes. As a surrogate, the nurse helps the patient clarify his or her dependence, interdependence, and independence, and acts as a supporter of the patient. As a leader, the nurse helps the patient take on full responsibility for meeting his or her goals. (http://www.nursetheory.com/psychiatric-nurse/). Carl Rodgers. Carl Rogers believed that every person can achieve their goals and desires in life. When and if that happened, self-actualization took place. This was one of Rogers’s most influential contributions to psychology. Rogers believed that humans have one basic motive and that was to fulfill one’s potential

Comparison of Literacy Rate of Pakistan with SAARC Countries

DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF KARACHI INTERNATIONAL ECONOMICS TERM PAPER TOPIC: COMPARISON OF PAKISTAN’S LITERACY RATE WITH SAARC SUBMITTED TO: Dr. ABDUL WAHEED SUBMITTED BY: INBISAT JEHAN ZAFAR SEAT NO.: B0655047 DATED: 29th Sept. 2010 Literacy is a tool for empowering our communities and ourselves. It can free us from many personal, economic and social constraints, by helping to eradicate poverty, reduce child mortality, curb population growth, achieve gender equality and ensure sustainable development, peace and democracy. The goal of the United Nations Literacy Decade is to enable people everywhere to communicate effectively within their own communities and with the outside world. The motto is â€Å"Literacy for All: A†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â€" ª More than 50 million illiterate citizens in Pakistan. ââ€" ª Primary school enrolment was less than 70percent and even in this, as many as 30 percent get dropped out before acquiring basic literacy skills. ââ€" ª NCHD gets funds of Rs. 2.7 billion during the current financial year. [pic] It needs to be highlighted that from census to census the definition of literacy has been undergoing a change, resultantly the literacy figure has vacillated irregularly during the last 5 census. An update of the five censuses is as under; | |Literacy rate |Definition of being literate | | |Male | | |1972 | |40.0 % |50.6 million | Bangladesh being an underdeveloped nation has a literacy rate lower than that of Pakistan. The reason may be that the Bangladesh government cannot afford to allocate large amount of funds to the educational sector. Another reason of Bangladesh’s low literacy rate may be gender disparities. In some areas of the nation, especially the rural areas, educating and sending a girl to school is considered as an act of shame for the family. These, and some other similar factors combined, contribute to the low levels of literacy in the nation. [pic] The Royal Government of Bhutan places a very strongShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Development in Pakistan6755 Words   |  28 PagesTHE CHALLENGES OF HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN PAKISTAN Dr. Nasim Ashraf Abstract This paper explores the challenges posed in the area of human development in Pakistan. Pakistan has made little progress in key indicators of human development - education and health - due to years of neglect in policy making and implementation issues. Based on available data, it is highlighted that despite achieving a respectable growth rate, Pakistan has not been able to reduce poverty as other nations haveRead MoreA Research Paper on Education System of Bangladesh3833 Words   |  16 Pages INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGY DESCRIPTION HISTORY COMPARISON OF FOUR DECADES RELATE WITH MDG’S CHALLENGES RECOMMENDATIONS CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION Getting access to basic education has been a fundamental human right of every citizen of a country. This fundamental right has been denied to a large section of the population lying particularly below the poverty line in many developing countries of the world including Bangladesh. Acute poverty in their familiesRead MorePestel and Porter Five Force Analysis of Container Line Shipping Industry in India7062 Words   |  29 Pageshas been taken for discussion under this study. Container line business involves hiring, transportation, repairs and movement of containers by exporters, trader or agents for transportation of goods to any foreign destination against agreed freight rates. The reason for choosing this industry as part of study is due to enormous support being given by government of India to promote foreign trade for the economic development, as well as my personal experience of 5 years in shipping industry under APRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Manageme nt35812 Words   |  144 Pages performance appraisal is a systematic evaluation of personnel by supervisors or others familiar with their performance (L.M. Prasad). Performance appraisal is also described as merit rating in which an individual is rated as better or worse in comparison to others. This is one of the oldest and most universal practices of management (Tripathi 2005). 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The Language Australia’s national languageRead MoreBohlander/Snell-Managing Hr24425 Words   |  98 Pagesassignees and their employees. objective Explain the economic, politicallegal, and cultural factors in different countries that HR managers need to consider. objective Identify the characteristics of a good international compensation plan. objective Explain how domestic and international HRM differ. objective Reconcile the difficulties of home- and host-country performance appraisals. objective Discuss the staffing process for individuals working internationally. objective

The Use of Technology in Cities-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: "What are the Sustainability Potential and Planning Implications of technology and/or other Disruptive forms of Smart Practice in Cities?" Answer: Introduction A smart city can be defined as an urban area which implements multiple types of electronic data collection sensors for sending the information to assets and resources which can be utilised in managing them efficiently. The data is collected from numerous sources such as devices, citizens, and assets. After that such information is analysed and processed to control and monitor various systems in the city such as transport, water supply networks, power plants, law enforcement, schools, waste management, hospitals, libraries, and other community services. The smart city concept uses various physical devices along with information and communication technology to connect a network throughout the city to efficiently optimise the operations and services and also connect citizens to them. The government initiates various programs to shape the change in diverse urban areas and formulate sustainable planning policies to concentrate on strategic issues. To establish and maintain a smart city, the government develops various concepts and issues relating to mobility, non-humans, dwelling, sharing economy and technology. These concepts are used in finding new sustainable practices which can be established in a smart city. This essay will focus on providing the sustainable potential and design implication of technology and many other disruptive methods of smart practices in cities. Further, the essay will discuss the convergence of technology and different economics to create a number of new procedures of mobility and urban living. Sustainable Potential and Planning Implication of Technology and Other Disruptive Forms of Smart Practices in Cities The importance and advancement of information and communication technologies (ICT) in previous few decades has assisted in creating the concept of the smart city. According to Hollands (2008), the definition of smart city describes it as the ability of a city to respond as promptly as possible to the necessity of citizens. The core systems of a city profoundly influence the quality of life of people; the core systems include education, transport, public health safety and the government facilities. These factors are necessary to be analysed while formulating the policies of a smart city. As per the research of World Health Organisation, the urban population of the world is accountable for 54 percent in 2014, which has been increased from 34 percent in 1960 (WHO, 2017). As per the prediction of United Nations, by 2017 a large number of populations in less developed countries will live in urban cities, and the worlds population could contribute another 2.5 billion individuals by 2050 t o the urban society (UN, 2014). Cocchia (2014) provided that the growth in population and advancement in information and communication technology has provided the various concept of the smart city to improve the quality of life in urban cities. In the smart city, the government adds physical sensors and other technology to a single network in the core areas of a city to collect the necessary information that can assist in providing better services to the peoples. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is used in enhancing the performance, quality and interactivity of the services available in urban cities and it also reduces the expenses and consumption to increase the contact between government and peoples. The smart city provides real-life responses to the peoples which improve simple transaction of citizens with the city and its practices. As per Nam and Pardo (2011), a combination of social requirements, economic growth, and human aspiration is implemented to create a smart city culture that formulates the projects and programs for smart cities in many countries. There are various attributes which describe an urban city as smart, such as ICT, efficient public services, safety security, sufficient social capital, transit planning, and many others. The information and communication technology assist in enabling smart public services. The integration and convergence of multiple technologies that are easily accessible over various platforms and devices play a pivotal role in providing transparency, speed, access, and participation in public services. The ICT devices collect the data of users and automatically perform the public services activities which save both time and money of the citizens. Chourabi et al. (2012) stated that using of smart meters, energy conservation, effluent recycling, renewable energy, water harvesting and appropriated solid waste disposal system are few of the hallmarks of a smart city which can be defined as efficient public services. Another critical characteristic of a smart city concept includes the use of public and private partnership to efficiently deliver facilities and utilities as per the provided service level standards. From the perspective of smart city citizens, safety and security are one of the prime aspects. The use of security gadgets such as video cameras, installation of surveillance, brightly lit areas, identify verification access, and rapid feedback in case of emergency are the primary requirements. The financial sustainability which provides monetary independence to the peoples, such as taxes, ads payments, and many others, is also essential for the people of the smart city. As per Washburn et al. (2009), the transit planning in the smart city include various environmental solutions such as bicycle paths, walk to work and convenient public transport. Other than attributes mentioned above there are few more characteristics of the smart city such as sufficient social capital, citizen participation in government activities, green environments and minimum population criteria. The government is responsible for making provision regarding these services to push the development of smart cities. The smart cities are heavily reliant on the technology; there is multiple real-life technological combinations infrastructure available to build the concept of the smart city. The digital city combines the services of communication, infrastructure, and innovation to connect communities through t he broadband network to meet the internet requirement of citizens, corporations, and government. Few examples include free wife availability in a store, public service officers, railway stations, and many other public places. According to Kyriazis et al. (2013), the smart city also incorporates real and virtual reality in the public service, but filling the gap of physical distance is difficult to manage. The technology is not advance enough to implement entirely virtual public services in smart cities yet. A complex system of technology is establishing in a smart city to combine information with intelligence; the data collected by a human is used in providing automated services and research procedure. Another primary framework of a smart city includes a ubiquitous environment that means people can access any public service through any device. A U-city extension is further applied to the smart city to establish an accessible infrastructure that allows peoples to interconnect easily. As per Maddox (2016), various technologies can be used to transform a city into smart city, but many experts believe that the most crucial area is transportation system. Smart transportation system establishes a harmony between the modern technologies and development of the city. The educational grade of inhabitants in significantly vital since it represents an integral part of future growth, the smart devices will influence the method of receiving, understanding, using and learning by users. The informed citizens will be able to learn and utilise the technical system of the smart city quickly, and they will also assist in the development of the city. Many counties have implemented the concept of the smart city by identifying three distinct levels which provide them multiple opportunities. The first step includes the establishment of physical telecommunication network infrastructure which comprises wireless servers and routers for operating such infrastructure. The second phase consists installation of various applications throughout operations in the city, such as traffic control or monitoring services. The final step is based on connectivity or ubiquitous of distinct technologies with each other. The concept of ubiquitous was provided by South Korea, which defines a new model of a sustainable economy based upon the efficient utilisation of transportation, natural resources, and communication solution. To create a ubiquitous city or U-city, various smart solutions are necessary for multiple problems relating to traffic, water, and healthcare. According to Gil-Castineira et al. (2011), many countries have started to implement the concept of U-city such as Oulu city in Finland. Every information system of the city is linked, and all the systems are connected to one information structure by the installation of various technologies such as wireless networks, automation systems, and many others. There are several other examples of real-life smart cities such as Singapore, Barcelona, London, San Francisco, and Oslo. These cities use various ICT, monitoring and Wi-Fi technology in enhancing the efficiency of their public services. For example, in Singapore, multiple sensors are installed throughout the city which catches people smoking or littering in the public areas. As per Caragliu, Del Bo and Nijkamp (2013), Singapore is also working on virtual reality technology by enabling city planners to run virtual tests to create Virtual Singapore. According to Bakici, Almirall and Wareham (2013), in Barcelona, the sensors monitors and operates air quality, noise, smart parking, and smart streetlights, the city is also expanding its free Wi-Fi networks in public spaces. London is making available data from their smart city initiative via its London Datastore; also they have installed smart parking in the Westminster neighborhood area. San Francisco is the hub for modern start-ups, and the city also provides various services to ensure that they receive all the necessary resources, such as efficient public transportation, free Wi-Fi networks, smart parking and many others. Oslo has installed information technology to curb greenhouse gas emission and consumption; the city has planned to change 50 percent of its transport system and 95 percent neutral climate by 2020 (Roche et al., 2012). While building a smart city is an interesting and exciting concept, there are a significant number of problems faced by city planners while formulating the plan for a smart city. According to Zeine (2017), one of the primary challenges of a smart city is sensory overload; these cities are based on data which is collected through multiple sensors installed throughout the city. The street lights, building, and roads are connected with each other to measure temperature, air quality, traffic, infrastructure integrity and many others. All these sensors require a large number of batteries to work correctly, and the US alone buys 3 billion batteries a year but to implement smart city concept they will need around 1 trillion batteries. The first problem of smart city is powering the billions of sensors. The smart cities also have lack of efficient administration and security guidelines are a major threat to this concept. As per Vanolo (2014), the smart city concept requires transparency in the allocation and use of resources which is challenging managing in cities with large population since it increases the chances of misuse. The construction and installation of smart devices throughout the city are way more expensive than general construction. The cost of rehabilitation, infrastructure, maintenance, and repair is significantly high in smart cities. The overall cost of living in smart city is also expensive which causes discrimination with the poor section of society. The digital divide is also an age gap and gendered divide since most of the old peoples and women in developing countries are not able to use technologies due to social and economic inequalities. There are several other issues such as financial requirements, cyber-attacks, culture issues, human resource managing, municipality implementation and many others. The government can introduce various programs and initiative to address the challenges of smart cities. The effective implementation of smart city concept requires contribution and participation of the public. Dameri (2013) provided that the smart cities should encourage the citizens to engage in the operational activities of cites and also provide their genuine feedback. The problem of the digital gap can be removed by achieving equality for women in cities. The government should introduce strict regulations for the establishing gender equality policies and also establish training programs for the old peoples. The problem of security can be reduced by developing strict cybersecurity protocols such as firewalls systems in sensors, encryption of data while transferring, Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) and many others. The problem of power is difficult to overcome due to lack of resources, but modernisation of technology is the only way to overcome this challenge. The government shou ld invest heavily in research to find the solution for efficient power usage. The case mentioned above studies show that the information and communication technology is one of the primary requirements of building a smart city. According to Haidine et al. (2016), the ICT allow different functions of cites to connect with each other an overall improve their efficiency and working. The services such as transportation, weather, lights, data hubs, and many other can be allowed to connect with each other and send and receive the data as well. These smart devices change and update their information as per the change in environment or usage. For example, the sensors available on streetlights in San Francisco, Barcelona and London perform various actions such as monitoring the foot traffic, automatically switching lights on off and smart parking. Jin et al. (2014) stated that the data through the street lights are sent to a parking monitoring hub which provides the information of free parking spot the drivers. The concept of smart parking is achieved by the convergenc e of ICT, monitoring and sensor technology. As per Su, Li, and Fu (2011), the real-life models for smart cities show the importance of smart transportation in transforming a smart city concept into reality. The ICT also assist government into proving smart transportation system. In cities such as Oslo, Singapore, and San Francisco, the public transportation system is connected through ICT system which allows it to share different information with each other. Such information is easily available to the citizens through mobile application or data hubs available throughout the city. As per Lombardi et al. (2012), the ICT allow sustainability potential which can assist in proper allocation and protection of resources, the implementation of technology in cities help in the protection of environmental resources. For example, digitalisation of services and government functions reduce the usage of paper which saves trees, and use of biodegradable products reduces the ecological wastage. The use of green and efficient transportation sy stem lessen the carbon footprint of the cities which improve the quality of air and water Conclusion In conclusion, an urban area which implements technology to improve the working and efficiently of public services is called the smart city. In smart cities, the government applies technology in various facilities such as transportation, municipality, hospitals, schools and other public services. The government faces multiple challenges while transforming a city into smart city such as lack of admiration, the requirement of power, high cost, literacy gap and many others. The government can use modern technology such as information system network, effective communication channels, public literacy programs and many others to address the problems of the smart city. 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